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Genome sequence and experimental infection of calves with bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4)

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Abstract

Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is ubiquitous in cattle worldwide, and it has been detected in animals exhibiting broad clinical presentations. The virus has been detected in the United States since the 1970s; however, its clinical relevance remains unknown. Here, we determined the complete genome sequences of two contemporary BoHV-4 isolates obtained from respiratory (SD16-38) or reproductive (SD16-49) tract specimens and assessed clinical, virological, and pathological outcomes upon intranasal (IN) inoculation of calves with the respiratory BoHV-4 isolate SD16-38. A slight and transient increase in body temperature was observed in BoHV-4-inoculated calves. Additionally, transient viremia and virus shedding in nasal secretions were observed in all inoculated calves. BoHV-4 DNA was detected by nested PCR in the tonsil and regional lymph nodes (LNs) of calves euthanized on day 5 post-inoculation (pi) and in the lungs of calves euthanized on day 10 pi. Calves euthanized on day 35 pi harbored BoHV-4 DNA in the respiratory tract (turbinates, trachea, lungs), regional lymphoid tissues, and trigeminal ganglia. Interestingly, in situ hybridization revealed the presence of BoHV-4 DNA in nerve bundles surrounding the trigeminal ganglia and retropharyngeal lymph nodes (day 35 pi). No histological changes were observed in the respiratory tract (turbinate, trachea, and lung), lymphoid tissues (tonsil, LNs, thymus, and spleen), or central nervous tissues (olfactory bulb and trigeminal ganglia) sampled throughout the animal studies (days 5, 10, and 35 pi). This study contributes to the understanding of the infection dynamics and tissue distribution of BoHV-4 following IN infection in calves. These results suggest that BoHV-4 SD16-38 used in our study has low pathogenicity in calves upon intranasal inoculation.

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Data availability

The complete genome sequences generated in this study can be found in the GenBank database under accession numbers MN551083 and MN551084.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the NADC animal facility staff and animal caretakers for the care and handling of the animals.

Funding

This work was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Projects (SD00H517-14 and NYC-2020-21-229) and AFRI Foundational and Applied Science Program (grant no. 2017-67015-32034/project accession no. NYCV478904). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the NIFA or the USDA.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Fernando V. Bauermann, Shollie M. Falkenberg and Mathias Martins contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA

    Fernando V. Bauermann, Mathias Martins, Alaine Buysse, Anna Mohr & Diego G. Diel

  2. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA

    Fernando V. Bauermann

  3. Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA

    Shollie M. Falkenberg, Rohana P. Dassanayake, John D. Neill, Julia F. Ridpath & Simone Silveira

  4. Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Mathias Martins & Eduardo F. Flores

  5. Ridpath Consulting, LLC, 204 Rothmoor, P.O. Box 422, Gilbert, IA, 50105, USA

    Julia F. Ridpath

  6. Laboratorio de Virologia, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Rodovia Rovilho Bortoluzzi, SC 480, Km 3.5, Xanxere, SC, 89820-000, Brazil

    Simone Silveira

  7. Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA

    Mitchel V. Palmer

  8. Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

    Mathias Martins & Diego G. Diel

Authors
  1. Fernando V. Bauermann
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Contributions

Conceived the study: SFM, EFF, DGD. Tested experimental samples: FVB, SMF, MM, RPD, SS, MVP, AB, AM. Data analysis and result interpretation: FVB, SMF, MM, JDN, JFR, MVP, EFF, DGD. Manuscript writing: FVB, SMF, MM, EFF, DGD. All authors have reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego G. Diel.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All animals were handled in accordance with the Animal Welfare Act Amendments (7 U.S. Code §2131 to §2156), and all study procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the National Animal Disease Center (ARS-2016-572) or by the Ethical Committee at UFSM (CEUA/UFSM protocol number 034/2014).

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Bauermann, F.V., Falkenberg, S.M., Martins, M. et al. Genome sequence and experimental infection of calves with bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4). Arch Virol 167, 1659–1668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05486-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05486-8

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