Introduction

Phylum Negarnaviricota was established in 2019 by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for negative-sense RNA viruses that can be connected evolutionarily through the possession of virally encoded RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRps). The phylum includes two subphyla, Haploviricotina and Polyploviricotina, for negative-sense RNA viruses that encode RdRps with or without mRNA capping activity, respectively. The two subphyla include four classes (Chunqiuviricetes, Milneviricetes, Monjiviricetes, and Yunchangviricetes) and two classes (Ellioviricetes and Insthoviricetes), respectively [56, 93, 109]. The phylum was last amended/emended in 2020 [57]. Here, we present the changes that were proposed to the phylum via official taxonomic proposals (TaxoProps) in 2020 and accepted by the ICTV in March 2021 (https://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_official_taxonomy_updates_since_the_8th_report/). These changes are now part of the official ICTV taxonomy.

Taxonomic changes above the phylum rank

The type species concept was abolished throughout virus taxonomy (TaxoProp 2020.001G.A.v1.Abolish_type_species).

Taxonomic changes within order Jingchuvirales (Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes)

The order Jingchuvirales was thoroughly revised (TaxoProps 2020.026M.A.v1.Jingchuvirales and 2020.030M.R.Negarnaviricota_corrections). Four new families were created:

  • Aliusviridae: genus Obscuruvirus, including a single species, Obscuruvirus quintum, was created for Atrato chu-like virus 5 (AClV-5), discovered in culicid mosquitoes (Psorophora albipes (Theobald, 1907)) sampled in Colombia [unpublished, GenBank #MN661033]. Genus Ollusvirus was created for species Beetle mivirus, Shayang mivirus, and Taiyuan mivirus, which were moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Ollusvirus coleopteri, Olluvirus shayangense, and Ollusvirus taiyuanense, respectively. Five new species were included in the genus:

    1. o

      Ollusvirus culvertonense for Culverton virus (CvV), discovered by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) in a Hercules’ flea (Macropsylla hercules Rothschild, 1905) sampled in Timbillica State Forest, New South Wales, Australia [41];

    2. o

      Ollusvirus hanchengense for Hánchéng leafhopper mivirus (HLMV), discovered by HTS in a leafhopper (Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom 1850)) sampled in Hánchéng, Shaanxi/Shǎnxī Province, China [39];

    3. o

      Ollusvirus hymenopteri for hymenopteran chu-related virus 123 (HCrV-123) discovered by HTS in a cleptoparasitic bee (Dioxys cincta (Jurine, 1807)) sampled in Lacs des Millefonts, Alpes-Maritimes, France [49];

    4. o

      Ollusvirus insectii for hymenopteran chu-related virus 126 (HCrV-126), discovered by HTS in a crabronid wasp (Oxybelus bipunctatus Olivier, 1812) sampled in Battenberg, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [49]; and

    5. o

      Ollusvirus scaldisense for Scaldis River bee virus (SRBV), discovered by HTS in a European orchard bee (Osmia cornuta (Latreille, 1805)) sampled in Ghent, Flemish Region (Vlaams Gewest), Belgium [88];

  • Crepuscuviridae: a single genus, Aqualaruvirus, including a single species, Aqualaruvirus sialis, was created for megalopteran chu-related virus 119 (MCrV-119), discovered by HTS in a corydalid fly sampled in Bejuma, Carabobo State (Estado Carabobo), Venezuela [49];

  • Myriaviridae: a single genus, Myriavirus, was created for species Myriapod mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Myriavirus myriapedis; and

  • Natareviridae: a single genus, Charybdivirus, was created for species Charybdis mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Charybdivirus charybdis.

In family Chuviridae, 13 new genera were created:

  • Genus Boscovirus was created for species Hippoboscid mivirus and Louse fly mivirus, which were moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Boscovirus hippoboscidae and Boscovirus hypoboscidae, respectively;

  • Genus Chuvivirus was created for species Brunnich mivirus and Crab mivirus, which were moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Chuvivirus brunnichi and Chuvivirus canceris, respectively;

  • Genus Culicidavirus was created for species Imjin mivirus and Mosquito mivirus, which were moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Culicidavirus imjinense and Culicidavirus culicidae, respectively. Two new species were created:

    1. o

      Culicidavirus culicis for Culex mosquito virus 5 (ClMV-5), discovered by HTS in a Culex mosquito sampled in the USA [86]; and

    2. o

      Culicidavirus quitotaense for Culex mosquito virus 4 (ClMV-4), discovered by HTS in a culicid mosquito (Culex sp.) sampled in the USA [86];

  • Genus Doliuvirus was created for a single new species, Doliuvirus culisetae, for Mos8Chu0 chuvirus (MoCV), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culiseta minnesotae Barr, 1957) sampled in the USA [unpublished; GenBank #KX924630];

  • Genus Demapteravirus was created for a single new species, Demapteravirus dermapteri, for dermapteran chu-related virus 142 (DCrV-142), discovered by HTS in earwigs (Gonolabis marginalis (Dohrn, 1864)) sampled in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan [49];

  • Genus Morsusvirus was created for species Argas mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Morsusvirus argatis;

  • Genus Nigecruvirus was created for a single new species, Nigecruvirus ixodes, for blacklegged tick chuvirus-2 (BlTC-2), discovered by HTS in a deer tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) sampled in the USA [100];

  • Genus Odonatavirus was created for species Odonate mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Odonatavirus fabricii. Two new species were created:

    1. o

      Odonatavirus draconis for odonatan chu-related virus 137 (OCrV-137), discovered by HTS in a common flatwing (Austroargiolestes icteromelas (Selys, 1862)) sampled in Uriarra State Forest, Australian Capital Territory, Australia [49]; and

    2. o

      Odonatavirus odontis for odonatan chu-related virus 136 (OCrV-136), discovered by HTS in a whitewater rockmaster (Diphlebia lestoides (Selys, 1853)) sampled in Gibraltar Creek, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, [49];

  • Genus Pediavirus was created for species Barnacle mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Pediavirus cirripedis;

  • Genus Piscichuvirus was created for species Sanxia mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Piscichuvirus sanxiaense. Three new species were created:

    1. o

      Piscichuvirus franki for Herr Frank virus 1 (HFrV-1), discovered by HTS in a Brazilian boa constrictor (Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758) [3];

    2. o

      Piscichuvirus lycodontis for Guǎngdōng red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus (GRSCV), discovered by HTS in a colubrid snake (Lycodon rufozonatus (Cantor, 1842) sampled in China [92]; and

    3. o

      Piscichuvirus wenlingense for Wēnlǐng fish chu-like virus (WFClV), discovered by HTS in a longspine snipefish (Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in China [92];

  • Genus Pterovirus was created for a single new species, Pterovirus chulinense, for hymenopteran chu-related virus OKIAV147 (HCrV-147), discovered by HTS in an aphelinid wasp (Aphelinus abdominalis (Dalman, 1820)) in a laboratory culture of wasps of unknown geographical origin [49];

  • Genus Scarabeuvirus was created for species Cockroach mivirus, Hubei odonate mivirus, Hubei mivirus, and Lishi mivirus, which were moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Scarabeuvirus blattae, Scarabeuvirus dentati, Scarabeuvirus hubeiense, and Scarabeuvirus lishiense, respectively. A new species, Scarabeuvirus lampyris, was created for Lampyris noctiluca chuvirus-like virus 1 (LNClV-1), discovered by HTS in a common glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca (Linnaeus, 1767)) sampled in Finland [102]; and

  • Genus Taceavirus was created for species Wenling mivirus, which was moved from Chuviridae: Mivirus and renamed Taceavirus wenlingense.

In chuvirid genus Mivirus, three new species were created:

  • Mivirus genovaense for Genoa virus (GeV), discovered by HTS in an Australian paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, 1899) sampled in New South Wales, Australia [42];

  • Mivirus karukeraense for Karukera tick virus (KtV), discovered by HTS in ixodid ticks sampled in Guadeloupe/Martinique, France [38]; and

  • Mivirus rhipicephali for brown dog tick mivirus 1 (BDTMV-1), discovered by HTS in brown dog ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)) sampled in Trinidad and Tobago [87].

Six mivirus species were renamed:

  • Lonestar mivirus → Mivirus amblyommae;

  • Bole mivirus → Mivirus boleense;

  • Changping mivirus → Mivirus changpingense;

  • Dermacentor mivirus → Mivirus dermacentoris;

  • Suffolk mivirus → Mivirus suffolkense; and

  • Wuhan mivirus → Mivirus wuhanense.

Four mivirus species were deleted:

  • Crustacean mivirus;

  • Hermit mivirus;

  • Lacewing mivirus; and

  • Xinzhou mivirus.

Taxonomic changes within order Mononegavirales (Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes)

Family Mymonaviridae

Family Mymonaviridae was thoroughly revised. Seven new genera were established:

  • Genus Auricularimonavirus was established for one new species, Auricularimonavirus auriculariae, for Auricularia heimuer negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (AhNRSV-1), discovered in a jelly fungus (Auricularia heimuer F. Wu, B. K. Cui & Y. C. Dai 2014) sampled in China [unpublished; GenBank #MT259204];

  • Genus Botrytimonavirus was established for one new species, Botrytimonavirus botrytidis, for Botrytis cinerea negative-stranded RNA virus 7 (BcNSRV-7), discovered in gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794)) sampled in Italy and Spain [84]. Species Dadou sclerotimonavirus and Drop sclerotimonavirus were moved from Mymonaviridae: Sclerotimonavirus and renamed Botrytimonavirus glycinis and Botrytimonavirus sclerotiniae, respectively. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 2-A (SsNSRV-2-A) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 4-A (SsNSRV-4-A), both discovered by HTS in cottony rot fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884)) sampled in Australia [72], were moved into species Botrytimonavirus sclerotiniae;

  • Genus Lentimonavirus was established for Lentinula hubramonavirus, which was moved from Mymonaviridae: Hubramonavirus and renamed Lentimonavirus lentinulae;

  • Genus Penicillimonavirus was established for ten novel species:

    1. o

      Penicillimonavirus alphapenicillii for Penicillium adametzioides negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PaNsRV-1), discovered by HTS in a fungus (Penicillium adametzioides S. Abe ex G. Smith 1963) sampled in Spresiano, Veneto Region, Italy [73];

    2. o

      Penicillimonavirus alphaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 1 (PvaMV-1), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

    3. o

      Penicillimonavirus betapenicillii for Penicillium glabrum negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PgRlV-1), discovered by HTS in a fungus (Penicillium glabrum (Wehmer) Westling, (1911)) sampled in Spresiano, Veneto Region, Italy [73];

    4. o

      Penicillimonavirus betaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 2 (PvaMV-2) and Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 4 (PvaMV-4), both discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy (PvaMV-2 and PvaMV-4) and Spain (PvaMV-2) [17];

    5. o

      Penicillimonavirus deltaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 5 (PvaMV-5), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

    6. o

      Penicillimonavirus epsilonplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 6 (PvaMV-6), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy and Spain [17];

    7. o

      Penicillimonavirus etaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 9 (PvaMV-9), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

    8. o

      Penicillimonavirus gammaplasmopara for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 3 (PvaMV-3), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

    9. o

      Penicillimonavirus kilnbarnense for Kiln Barn virus (KBV), discovered by HTS in a spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931)) sampled in the UK [70]; and

    10. o

      Penicillimonavirus zetaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 7 (PvaMV-7), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

  • Genus Phyllomonavirus was established for one new species, Phyllomonavirus gysingense, for Gysinge virus (GYSV), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culex sp.) or associated fungi sampled in Sweden [80]. Species Phyllosphere sclerotimonavirus was moved from Mymonaviridae: Sclerotimonavirus and renamed Phyllomonavirus phyllospherae;

  • Genus Plasmopamonavirus was established for one new species, Plasmopamonavirus plasmoparae, for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononegaambi virus 8 (PvaMV-8), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Spain [17]; and

  • Genus Rhizomonavirus was established for one new species, Rhizomonavirus mali, for apple virus B (APPV-B), discovered by HTS in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh., 1803) sampled in Washington, USA [110].

Genus Hubramonavirus was expanded by one new species, Hubramonavirus terrae, for H2BulkLitter1223 virus, discovered by HTS in grassland soil collected in Hopland, California, USA [98]. Species Hubei hubramonavirus was renamed as Hubramonavirus hubeiense (TaxoProp 2020.004F.A.v1.Mymona). Species Hubei sclerotimonavirus was deleted (TaxoProp 2020.006M.A.v1.Corrections).

Genus Sclerotimonavirus was expanded by eight novel species (TaxoProp 2020.004F.A.v1.Mymona):

  • Sclerotimonavirus alphaclarireediae for Sclerotinia homoeocarpa TSA contig 1 (ShTSA-1) and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa TSA contig 2 (ShTSA-2), both discovered by data mining of transcriptome shotgun assemblies (TSAs) of a fungus (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (Bennett, 1937)) [54];

  • Sclerotimonavirus alphaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mymonavirus 1 (PvaMV-1), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy [17];

  • Sclerotimonavirus alternariae for Alternaria tenuissima negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (AtNsRV-1), discovered by HTS in a fungus (Alternaria tenuissima Samuel Paul Wiltshire (1933)) sampled in Spresiano, Veneto Region, Italy [73];

  • Sclerotimonavirus betaclarireediae for Sclerotinia homoeocarpa TSA contig 3 (ShTSA-3), discovered by data mining of transcriptome shotgun assemblies (TSAs) of a fungus (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa (Bennett, 1937)) [54];

  • Sclerotimonavirus betaplasmoparae for Plasmopara viticola lesion associated mononega virus 2 (PvaMV-2), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis sp.) infected by an oomycete (Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888)) sampled in Italy and Spain [17];

  • Sclerotimonavirus botrytidis for Botrytis cinerea mymonavirus 1 (BcMyV-1), discovered by HTS in a gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers. (1794)) [40] and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 7 (SsNSRV-7), discovered by HTS in cottony rot fungi (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884)) [72] sampled in Australia;

  • Sclerotimonavirus penicillii for Penicillium cairnsense negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PcNsRV-1), discovered by HTS in a fungus (Penicillium cairnsense Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J.C.; Cole, T.; Samson, R.A. 2011) sampled in Spresiano, Veneto Region, Italy [73]; and

  • Sclerotimonavirus terrae for H4BulkLitter234 virus, discovered by HTS in grassland soil collected in Hopland, California, USA [98].

Species Glycine sclerotimonavirus, Illinois sclerotimonavirus, and Sclerotinia sclerotimonavirus were renamed as Sclerotimonavirus fusarii, Sclerotimonavirus illinoisense, and Sclerotimonavirus sclerotiniae, respectively. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 1-A (SsNSRV-1-A) and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum negative-stranded RNA virus 3-A (SsNSRV-3-A), both discovered by HTS in cottony rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1884)) sampled in Australia [72], were moved into the species Sclerotimonavirus sclerotiniae.

Family Nyamiviridae

One new genus, Formivirus, was established for four novel species (TaxoProp 2020.024M.A.v1.Nyamiviridae_1ngen_5nsp):

  • Chalybion formivirus for hymenopteran orino-related virus OKIAV87 (HORV-87), discovered by HTS in a blue mud dauber (Chalybion californicum (Saussure, 1867)) sampled in Tennessee, USA [49];

  • Exsecta formivirus for Formica exsecta virus 4 (FeV-4), discovered by HTS in a narrow-headed ant (Formica exsecta Nylander, 1846) sampled on Hanko Peninsula (Hankoniemi), southwestern Finland [23];

  • Fusca formivirus for Formica fusca virus 1 (FfusV-1), discovered by HTS in a formicid ant (Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758) collected in Cambridge, East of England, UK [52]; and

  • Gorytes formivirus for hymenopteran orino-related virus OKIAV85 (HORV-85), discovered by HTS in a sand wasp (Gorytes laticinctus (Lepeletier, 1832)) collected in Albersweiler, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany in 2011 [49].

Genus Nyavirus was expanded by one species, Jacinto nyavirus, for San Jacinto virus (SJCV) isolated from a common starling (Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Harris County, Texas [104] (TaxoProp 2020.024M.A.v1.Nyamiviridae_1ngen_5nsp).

Family Paramyxoviridae

Genus Metaavulavirus was expanded by one species, Avian metaavulavirus 22, for avian paramyxovirus 22 (APMV-22) isolated from turtle doves (Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann, 1804)) sampled in Taiwan [64] (TaxoProp 2020.011M.A.v1.Metaavulavirus_1nsp).

Species Avian orthovulavirus 21 [sic] was deleted (TaxoProp 2020.006M.A.v1.Corrections).

Family Rhabdoviridae

Family Rhabdoviridae was split into three subfamilies:

  • Alpharhabdovirinae for genera Almendravirus, Alphanemrhavirus, Arurhavirus, Barhavirus, Caligrhavirus, Curiovirus, Ephemerovirus, Hapavirus, Ledantevirus, Lostrhavirus, Lyssavirus, Mousrhavirus, Ohlsrhavirus, Perhabdovirus, Sawgrhavirus, Sigmavirus, Sprivivirus, Sripuvirus, Sunrhavirus, Tibrovirus, Tupavirus, Vesiculovirus, and Zarhavirus;

  • Betarhabdovirinae for genera Alphanucleorhabdovirus, Betanucleorhabdovirus, Cytorhabdovirus, Dichorhavirus, Gammanucleorhabdovirus, and Varicosavirus; and

  • Gammarhabdovirinae for genus Novirhabdovirus (TaxoProp 2020.016M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_3subfam).

Three new genera were included in subfamily Alpharhabdovirinae:

  • Genus Alphapaprhavirus, including two novel species (TaxoProp 2020.014M.A.v1.Alphapaprhavirus_1gen2sp):

    1. o

      Hubei alphapaprhavirus for Hubei lepidoptera virus 2 (HbLV-2), discovered by HTS in insects (Lepidoptera) sampled in Húběi Province, China [91]; and

    2. o

      Pararge alphapaprhavirus for Pararge aegeria rhabdovirus (PAeRV), discovered by HTS in speckled wood (Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Belgium [65]. Lepidopteran rhabdo-related virus OKIAV-12 [49] is a junior synonym of PAeRV;

  • Genus Alpharicinrhavirus, including three novel species (TaxoProp 2020.001M.A.v1.Alpharicinrhavirus):

    1. o

      Blanchseco alpharicinrhavirus for Blanchseco virus (BCOV), discovered by HTS in ixodid ticks (Amblyomma ovale Koch, 1844) sampled in Trinidad and Tobago [87];

    2. o

      Bole alpharicinrhavirus for Bole tick virus 2 (BlTV-2), discovered by HTS in ixodid ticks (Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, 1929) sampled in Bólè, Xīnjiāng Uygur Autonomous Region, China [61];

    3. o

      Wuhan alpharicinrhavirus for Wuhan tick virus 1 (WhTV-1), discovered by HTS in Asian blue ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888)) sampled in Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61]. Rhipicephalus associated rhabdo-like virus (RaRLV/YN-rhabdoV1) [90] is a junior synonym of WhTV-1; and

  • Genus Merhavirus, including two novel species (TaxoProp 2020.015M.A.v1.Merhavirus_1gen2nsp):

    1. o

      Merida merhavirus for Merida virus (MERDV), discovered in southern house mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823), black salt marsh mosquitoes (Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann, 1821)), and Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett, 1902) mosquitoes sampled on Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico [75]. Culex rhabdovirus (CXRV) [86] and Merida-like virus Turkey (MLVT) [28] are junior synonyms of MERDV; and

    2. o

      Tritaeniorhynchus merhavirus for Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus (CTRV) isolated from culicid mosquitoes (Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann, 1821)) sampled in Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan [58].

Seven new genera, not assigned to a subfamily, were included in the family:

  • Genus Alphacrustrhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProps 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp and 2020.030M.R.Negarnaviricota_corrections):

    1. o

      Wenling alphacrustrhavirus for Wenling crustacean virus 10 (WlCV-10), discovered by HTS in a pool of marine crustaceans of multiple families sampled in Zhèjiāng Province, China [91]; and

    2. o

      Zhejiang alphacrustrhavirus for Wenling crustacean virus 11 (WlCV-11), discovered by HTS in a pool of marine crustaceans of multiple families sampled in Zhèjiāng Province, China [91];

  • Genus Alphadrosrhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Hubei alphadrosrhavirus for Wuhan house fly virus 2 (WhHFV-2), discovered by HTS in houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) collected in Húběi Province, China [61]; and

    2. o

      Shayang alphadrosrhavirus for Shayang fly virus 3 (SyFV-3), discovered by HTS in oriental latrine flies (Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794)) collected in Húběi Province, China [61];

  • Genus Alphahymrhavirus, including four new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Cinereus alphahymrhavirus for hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 38 (HyRRV-38), discovered in a TSA of a leaden spider wasp (Pompilus cinereus Fabricius, 1798) collected in Birkenheide, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [49];

    2. o

      Hirtum alphahymrhavirus for hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 109 (HyRRV-109), discovered in a TSA of a cricket hunter wasp (Chlorion hirtum (Kohl, 1885)) collected in Ein Bokek (עֵין בּוֹקֵק‎), Israel [49];

    3. o

      Neglectus alphahymrhavirus for Lasius neglectus virus 2 (LnegV-2), discovered in the transcriptome of an ant (Lasius neglectus Van Loon, Boomsma & Andrásfalvy, 1990) sampled in the UK [52]; and

    4. o

      Radians alphahymrhavirus for hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 46 (HyRRV-46) discovered in a TSA of a cuckoo wasp (Chrysura radians (Harris, 1776)) collected in Turlin, Italy, in 2012 [49];

  • Genus Betahymrhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Austriaca betahymrhavirus for hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 23 (HyRRV-23), discovered in a TSA of a cuckoo wasp (Chrysura austriaca (Fabricius, 1804)) collected in Battenberg, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [49]. Hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 22 (HyRRV-22) [49] is a junior synonym of HyRVV-23; and

    2. o

      Heterodontonyx betahymrhavirus for hymenopteran rhabdo-related virus 24 (HyRRV-24), discovered in a TSA of a spider wasp (Heterodontonyx sp.) collected in Western Australia [49];

  • Genus Betanemrhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Hubei betanemrhavirus for Hubei rhabdo-like virus 9 (HbRLV-9) detected in large pig roundworms (Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782)) sampled in Húběi Province, China [91]; and

    2. o

      Shayang betanemrhavirus for Shayang ascaridia galli virus 2 (SyAGV-2) detected in roundworms (Ascaridia galli Schrank, 1788 and Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782)) sampled in Húběi Province, China, [91];

  • Genus Betapaprhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Frugiperda betapaprhavirus for Spodoptera frugiperda rhabdovirus (SfruRV) isolated originally in the Sf9 cell line derived from a fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797)) [67]; and

    2. o

      Sylvina betapaprhavirus for lepidopteran rhabdo-related virus 34 (LeRRV-34), discovered in a TSA of an orange moth (Triodia sylvina (Linnaeus, 1761)) collected in Höhbeck, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany [49]; and

  • genus Betaricinrhavirus, including two new species (TaxoProp 2020.023M.A.v1.Rhabdoviridae_7ngen_16nsp):

    1. o

      Chimay betaricinrhavirus for Chimay rhabdovirus (CRV), discovered by HTS in castor bean ticks (Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Belgium [unpublished; GenBank #MF975531]; and

    2. o

      Scapularis betaricinrhavirus for blacklegged tick rhabdovirus 1 (BLTRV-1), discovered by HTS in deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) sampled in Connecticut and New York, USA [100].

Genus Alphanucleorhabdovirus was expanded by two species (TaxoProp 2020.013M.A.v1.Plant_rhabdoviruses_9nsp):

  • Constricta yellow dwarf alphanucleorhabdovirus for constricta yellow dwarf virus (CYDV) first isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in New Jersey, USA [11]. Potato yellow dwarf virus New Jersey (PYDV-New Jersey) is a junior synonym of CYDV [48]; and

  • Peach alphanucleorhabdovirus for peach virus 1 (PeV1), discovered by HTS in peach (Prunus persica L.) trees sampled in China [115];

Genus Betanucleorhabdovirus was expanded by three species (TaxoProp 2020.013M.A.v1.Plant_rhabdoviruses_9nsp):

  • Apple betanucleorhabdovirus for apple rootstock virus A (ApRVA), discovered by HTS in apple (Malus spp.) trees in North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea [4];

  • Cardamom betanucleorhabdovirus for cardamom vein clearing virus (CdVCV), discovered by HTS in green cardamon (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) sampled in India [9]; and

  • Pepper betanucleorhabdovirus for Zhuye pepper nucleorhabdovirus (ZPNRV), discovered by HTS in winged prickly ash (Zanthoxylum armatum DC. v. novemfolius) sampled in China [15].

Genus Cytorhabdovirus was expanded by five species (TaxoProps 2020.004M.A.v1.Cytorhabdovirus_3nsp and 2020.013M.A.v1.Plant_rhabdoviruses_9nsp):

  • Strawberry cytorhabdovirus 1 for strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1) and strawberry-associated virus 1 (SaV-1), discovered by HTS in garden strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne and Fragaria vesca var. semperflorens ´Rujana´) and woodland strawberries (Fragaria vesca L.) sampled in China [25]and the Czech Republic [31];

  • Trichosanthes cytorhabdovirus for Trichosanthes associated rhabdovirus 1 (TrARV1) identified in the transcriptome of cucurbit flowering plant (Trichosanthes krilowii Maxim.) sampled in China [37];

  • Trifolium pratense cytorhabdovirus A for Trifolium pratense virus A (TpVA) isolated from red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.) sampled in Hladké Životice, Moravian-Silesian Region (Moravskoslezský kraj), Czech Republic [32];

  • Trifolium pratense cytorhabdovirus B for Trifolium pratense virus B (TpVB) ), discovered by HTS in red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.) sampled in Boršov nad Vltavou, South Bohemia Region (Jihočeský kraj), Czech Republic [32]; and

  • Yerba mate cytorhabdovirus for yerba mate virus A (YmVA), discovered by HTS in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) sampled in Gobernador Virasoro, Province of Corrientes (Provincia de Corrientes), Argentina [6].

Genus Ephemerovirus was expanded by three species (TaxoProp 2020.005M.A.v1.Ephemerovirus_3nsp):

  • Hayes ephemerovirus for Hayes Yard virus (HYV) isolated from a zebu (Bos taurus indicus Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Northern Territory, Australia [12];

  • Kent ephemerovirus for New Kent County virus (NKCV), discovered by HTS in a deer tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) sampled in New Kent County, Virginia, USA [100]; and

  • Puchong ephemerovirus for Puchong virus (PUCV) first isolated in 1965 from culicid mosquitoes (Mansonia uniformis (Theobald, 1901)) collected in Selangor Darul Ehsan State , Malaysia [51].

Genus Ledantevirus was expanded by one species, Bughendera ledantevirus, for Bughendera virus (BUGV), discovered by HTS in nycteribiid bat flies (Dipseliopoda) sampled in Bundibugyo District, Western Region, Uganda [7] (TaxoProp 2020.021M.A.v1.Ledantevirus_1nsp).

Genus Lostrhavirus was expanded by one species: Hyalomma lostrhavirus, for Xinjiang tick rhabdovirus (XjTRV), discovered by HTS in ixodid ticks (Hyalomma asiaticum Schulze et Schlottke, 1929) collected in Xīnjiāng Uygur Autonomous Region, China [unpublished; GenBank #MH688524] (TaxoProp 2020.010M.A.v1.Lostrhavirus_1nsp). Species name Lonestar zarhavirus was corrected to Lonestar lostrhavirus (TaxoProp 2020.006M.A.v1.Corrections).

Genus Ohlsrhavirus was expanded by three species (TaxoProp 2020.007M.A.v1.Ohlsrhavirus_3nsp)

  • Angeles ohlsrhavirus for Culex rhabdo-like virus Los Angeles (CRLVLA) detected by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culex sp.) collected in California, USA [86];

  • Lobeira ohlsrhavirus for Lobeira virus (LOBV), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Psorophora albigenu (Peryassú, 1908) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894)) collected in Mato Grosso State, Brazil [21, 94]; and

  • Pseudovishnui ohlsrhavirus for Culex pseudovishnui rhabdo-like virus (CpRLV), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culex pseudovishnui Colless, 1957) collected in Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan [30].

Genus Sigmavirus was expanded by ten species (TaxoProp 2020.003M.A.v1.Sigmavirus_10nsp):

  • Capitata sigmavirus for Ceratitis capitata sigmavirus (CCapSV), discovered by HTS in Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824)) sampled in Hawaii, USA [65];

  • Domestica sigmavirus for Wuhan fly virus 2 (WhFV-2), discovered by HTS in houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61];

  • Hippoboscid sigmavirus for Wuhan louse fly virus 9 (WhLFV-9), discovered by HTS in louse flies (Hippoboscidae) sampled in Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61];

  • Hubei sigmavirus for Hubei diptera virus 9 (HbDV-9), discovered by HTS in unidentified flies (Diptera) sampled in Húběi Province, China [91];

  • Lousefly sigmavirus for Wuhan louse fly virus 10 (WhLFV-10), discovered by HTS in louse flies (Hippoboscidae) sampled in Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61];

  • Myga sigmavirusfor Hubei diptera virus 10 (HbDV-10), discovered by HTS in unidentified flies (Diptera) sampled in Húběi Province, China [91];

  • Shayang sigmavirus for Shayang fly virus 2 (SyFV-1), discovered by HTS in houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Shāyáng County, Húběi Province, China [61];

  • Sturtevanti sigmavirus for Drosophila sturtevanti sigmavirus (DStuSV), discovered by HTS in fruit flies (Drosophila sturtevanti Duda, 1927) sampled in Granada, Andalusia, Spain [65];

  • Wuhan sigmavirus for Wuhan house fly virus 1 (WhHFV-1), discovered by HTS in houseflies (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61, 91]; and

  • Ying sigmavirus for Hubei dimarhabdovirus 1 (HbDRV-1), discovered by HTS in unidentified flies (Diptera) sampled in Húběi Province, China [91].

Genus Sunrhavirus was expanded by one species, Dillard sunrhavirus, for Dillard’s Draw virus (DDRV), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in New Mexico, USA [82] (TaxoProp 2020.008M.A.v1.Sunrhavirus_1nsp).

Genus Varicosavirus was expanded by two species (TaxoProp 2020.013M.A.v1.Plant_rhabdoviruses_9nsp):

  • Alopecurus varicosavirus for Alopecurus myosuroides varicosavirus 1 (AMVV-1) identified by transcriptome sequencing in black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) in the UK [85]; and

  • Trifolium varicosavirus for red clover associated varicosavirus (RCaVV), discovered by HTS in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) sampled in Hladké Životice, Moravian-Silesian Region (Moravskoslezský kraj), Czech Republic [53].

Genus Vesiculovirus was expanded by one species, Rhinolophus vesiculovirus, for Jinghong bat virus (JhBV), discovered in an intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823) sampled in Jǐnghóng, Yúnnán Province, China [111] (TaxoProp 2020.009M.A.v1.Vesiculovirus_1nsp_ren1sp). Species American bat vesiculovirus was renamed Eptesicus vesiculovirus (TaxoProp 2020.009M.A.v1.Vesiculovirus_1nsp_ren1sp).

Taxonomic changes within order Bunyavirales (Polyploviricotina: Ellioviricetes)

Family Arenaviridae

Genus Antennavirus was expanded by one species, Salmon antennavirus, for salmon pescarenavirus 1 (SPAV-1), discovered by HTS in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and salmon pescarenavirus 2 (SPAV-2) in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792)) [71] (TaxoProp 2020.018M.A.v1.Antennavirus).

Genus Hartmanivirus was expanded by two species: Heimat hartmanivirus for andere Heimat virus 1 (aHeV-1) and Setpatvet hartmanivirus for SetPatVet virus 1 (SPVV-1), both discovered by HTS in Brazilian boa constrictors (Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758) [3, 43] (TaxoProp 2020.019M.A.v2.Hartmanivirus).

Genus Mammarenavirus was expanded by one species, Kitale mammarenavirus, for Kitale virus (KTLV) first discovered by HTS in a Macmillan’s grammomys (Grammomys macmillani (Wroughton, 1907)), sampled in Kitale, Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya [76] (TaxoProp 2020.017M.A.v2.Mammarenavirus).

Family Cruliviridae

In genus Lincruvirus, two new species were established (TaxoProp 2020.002M.A.v2.Lincruvirus_2nsp):

  • Lincruvirus europense for European shore crab virus 1 (EscV-1; previously named “Carcinus maenas Portunibunyavirus 1”), discovered by HTS in European shore crabs (Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758)) [13]; and

  • Lincruvirus sinense for Chinese mitten crab virus 1 (CmcV-1; previously named “Eriocheir sinensis Bunya like virus”), discovered by HTS in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis Milne-Edwards, 1853) [44].

Species Crustacean lincruvirus was renamed Lincruvirus wenlingense (TaxoProp 2020.002M.A.v2.Lincruvirus_2nsp).

Family Fimoviridae

Genus Emaravirus was expanded by ten species:

  • Actinidia emaravirus 2 for Actinidia virus 2 (AcV-2), discovered by RT-PCR in kiwifruit (Actinidia sp.) collected in Zhèjiāng Province, China [106] (TaxoProp 2020.012P.A.v1.Emaravirus_AcV-2);

  • Aspen mosaic-associated emaravirus for aspen mosaic-associated virus (AsMaV), discovered by HTS in Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.) sampled in Sweden [103] (TaxoProp 2020.013P.A.v1.Emaravirus_AsMaV);

  • Camellia japonica-associated emaravirus 1 for Camellia japonica-associated virus 1 (CjaV-1), discovered by HTS in common camellia (Camellia japonica L.) sampled at Lake Maggiore, Piedmont, Italy [78, 114] (TaxoProp 2020.018P.A.v1.Emaravirus_CjaV-1);

  • Camellia japonica-associated emaravirus 2 for Camellia japonica-associated virus 2 (CjaV-2), discovered by HTS in common camellia (Camellia japonica L.) sampled at Lake Maggiore, Piedmont, Italy [78, 114] TaxoProp 2020.019P.A.v1.Emaravirus_CjaV-2);

  • Jujube yellow mottle-associated emaravirus for jujube yellow mottle-associated virus (JYMaV), discovered by HTS in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) sampled in Cháoyáng, Liáoníng Province, China [112] (TaxoProp 2020.020P.A.v1.Emaravirus_JYMaV);

  • Lilac chlorotic ringspot-associated emaravirus for lilac chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (LiCRaV), discovered by HTS in lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) sampled in Yán'ān, Shaanxi/Shǎnxī Province, China [105] (TaxoProp 2020.014P.A.v1.Emaravirus_LiCRaV);

  • Palo verde broom emaravirus for palo verde broom virus (PVBV), discovered by HTS in a blue palo verde tree (Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex A.Gray) S. Wats.) sampled in Arizona, USA [47] (TaxoProp 2020.015P.A.v1.Emaravirus_PVBV);

  • Pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated emaravirus for pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus (PCLSaV), discovered by HTS in Asian pear plants (Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nak.) sampled in southern China [63] (TaxoProp 2020.016P.A.v1.Emaravirus_PCLSaV);

  • Perilla mosaic emaravirus for perilla mosaic virus (PerMV), discovered in perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) sampled in Japan [55] (TaxoProp 2020.021P.A.v1.Emaravirus_PerMV); and

  • Ti ringspot-associated emaravirus for ti ringspot-associated virus (TiRSaV), discovered in ti (Cordyline fruticosa L.) sampled on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, USA [74] (TaxoProp 2020.017P.A.v1.Emaravirus_TiRSaV).

Family Hantaviridae

Genus Actinovirus was expanded by one species, Perch actinovirus, for Bern perch virus (BRPV), discovered by HTS in European perch (Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Switzerland [unpublished; GenBank # MN510769/MN510770/MN510771] (TaxoProp 2020.025M.A.v2.Hantaviridae_5nsp).

Genus Mobatvirus was expanded by two species (TaxoProp 2020.025M.A.v2.Hantaviridae_5nsp):

  • Lena mobatvirus for Lena virus (LENV), discovered by RT-PCR in a Laxmann’s shrew (Sorex caecutiens Laxmann, 1785) sampled in Khabarovsk (Xaбapoвcк), Khabarovsk Krai (Xaбapoвcкий кpaй,) Russia [113]; and

  • Xuan Son mobatvirus for Xuân Sơn virus (XSV), discovered by RT-PCR in a Pomona leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros pomona K. Andersen, 1918) in Xuân Sơn National Park, Phú Thọ Province, Vietnam [2].

Genus Orthohantavirus was expanded by two species (TaxoProp 2020.025M.A.v2.Hantaviridae_5nsp):

  • Robina orthohantavirus for Robina virus (ROBV), discovered in a black flying fox (Pteropus alecto Temminck, 1837) sampled near Robina, Queensland, Australia [unpublished; GenBank #MK165653/MK165654/MK165655); and

  • Tatenale orthohantavirus for Tatenale virus (TATV) first discovered by RT-PCR in a field vole (Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 1761)) trapped in North West England, UK [16, 81].

Family Nairoviridae

Family Nairoviridae was thoroughly revised (TaxoProps 2020.027M.A.v1.Nairoviridae_4ngen_30nsp and 2020.030M.R.Negarnaviricota_corrections). Four new genera were added:

  • Genus Norwavirus was created for a single new species, Grotenhout norwavirus, for Grotenhout virus (GRHV), discovered by HTS in a castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Grotenhout, Belgium [101]. Junior synonyms for Grotenhout virus are Norway nairovirus 1 [79] and Pustyn virus [unpublished; GenBank #KT007142/KT007143];

  • Genus Ocetevirus was created for a single new species, Blattodean ocetevirus, for blattodean nairo-related virus 321 (BNRV-321), now renamed red goblin roach virus 1 (RGRV-1), discovered by HTS in a red goblin roach (Paratemnopteryx couloniana (Saussure, 1863)) sampled in Germany [49];

  • Genus Sabavirus was created for a single new species, South Bay sabavirus, for South Bay virus (SBV), discovered by HTS in a deer tick (Ixodes scapularis Say, 1821) in Great South Bay, New York, USA [99]; and

  • Genus Xinspivirus was created for a single new species, Xinzhou xinspivirus, for Xīnzhōu spider virus (XSV), discovered by HTS in a brown sailor spider (Neoscona nautica (L. Koch, 1875)) in Xīnzhōu District, Wǔhàn, Húběi Province, China [61].

Genus Orthonairovirus was expanded by 26 species:

  • Abu Hammad orthonairovirus for Abū Ḥammād virus (AHV) was moved from Dera Ghazi Khan orthonairovirus;

  • Abu Mina orthonairovirus for Abū Mīnā virus (AMV) was moved from Dera Ghazi Khan orthonairovirus;

  • Avalon orthonairovirus for Avalon virus (AVAV) was moved from Sakhalin orthonairovirus;

  • Bandia orthonairovirus for Bandia virus (BDAV) was moved from Qalyub orthonairovirus;

  • Burana orthonairovirus for Burana virus (BURV) was moved from Tamdy orthonairovirus;

  • Congoid orthonairovirus for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) genogroup VI (Europe 2), now renamed Aigai virus (AIGV), isolated in 1975 from an ixodid tick (Rhipicephalus bursa Canestrini & Fanzago, 1878) sampled in Vergina (Βεργίνα; ancient Aigai [Αἰγαί]), Central Macedonia Region (Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας), Greece [77, 116];

  • Erve orthonairovirus for Erve virus (ERVEV) was moved from Thiafora orthonairovirus;

  • Gossas orthonairovirus for Gossas virus (GOSV) was moved from Keterah orthonairovirus;

  • Huangpi orthonairovirus for Huángpí tick virus 1 (HpTV-1) was moved from Tamdy orthonairovirus;

  • Issyk-kul orthonairovirus for Issyk-kul virus (ISKV) was moved from Keterah orthonairovirus;

  • Kupe orthonairovirus for kupe virus (KUPEV) was moved from Dugbe orthonairovirus;

  • Leopards Hill orthonairovirus for Leopards Hill virus (LPHV) was moved from Keterah orthonairovirus;

  • Meram orthonairovirus for Meram virus (MEMV), discovered by HTS in an ixodid tick (Hyalomma aegyptium Linnaeus, 1758) sampled in Konya, Central Anatolia Region (İç Anadolu Bölgesi), Turkey [29];

  • Pacific Coast orthonairovirus for Pacific Coast tick nairovirus (PCTNV), discovered by HTS in a Pacific Coast tick (Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, 1892) sampled in Mendocino County, California, USA [14];

  • Punta orthonairovirus for Punta Salinas virus (PSV) was moved from Hughes orthonairovirus;

  • Sapphire orthonairovirus for Sapphire II virus (SAPV) was moved from Dera Ghazi Khan orthonairovirus;

  • Scot orthonairovirus for Clo Mor virus (CLMV) was moved from Sakhalin orthonairovirus;

  • Soldado orthonairovirus for Soldado virus (SOLV) was moved from Hughes orthonairovirus;

  • Tacheng orthonairovirus for Tǎchéng tick virus 1 (TcTV-1) was moved from Tamdy orthonairovirus;

  • Taggert orthonairovirus for Taggert virus (TAGV) was moved from Sakhalin orthonairovirus;

  • Tofla orthonairovirus for tofla virus (TFLV) was moved from Hazara orthonairovirus;

  • Tunis orthonairovirus for Tunis virus (TUNV) was moved from Abu Hammad orthonairovirus;

  • Vinegar Hill orthonairovirus for Vinegar Hill virus (VINHV) isolated in 1981 from ixodid ticks (Argas robertsi Hoogstraal, Kaiser & Kohls, 1968) sampled in Gatton, Queensland, Australia [36, 97];

  • Wenzhou orthonairovirus for Wēnzhōu tick virus (WzTV) was moved from Tamdy orthonairovirus;

  • Yogue orthonairovirus for Yogue virus (YOGV) was moved from Keterah orthonairovirus; and

  • Zirqa orthonairovirus for Zirqa virus (ZIRV) was moved from Hughes orthonairovirus.

Family Peribunyaviridae

Genus Orthobunyavirus was expanded by 16 species (TaxoProps 2020.012M.A.v1.Orthobunyavirus_16new_sp_abolish_1sp and 2020.030M.R.Negarnaviricota_corrections):

  • Brazoran orthobunyavirus for brazoran virus (BRAZV) isolated from culicid mosquitoes (Culex sp.) in Brazoria and Montgomery Counties, Texas, USA [59];

  • Buffalo Creek orthobunyavirus for Buffalo Creek virus (BUCV) first isolated in 1982 from culicid mosquitoes (Anopheles meraukensis Venhuis, 1932) in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia [34, 107];

  • Gan Gan orthobunyavirus for Gan Gan virus (GGV) first isolated in 1970 from culicid mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse, 1889)) collected at Nelson Bay, New South Wales, Australia [33, 35, 69];

  • Mapputta orthobunyavirus for Mapputta virus (MAPV) first isolated in 1960 from culicid mosquitoes (Anopheles meraukensis Venhuis, 1932) collected in Queensland, Australia [10, 26, 34];

  • Maprik orthobunyavirus for Maprik virus (MPKV) first isolated in 1966 from culicid mosquitoes (Verrallina funerea (Theobald, 1903)) sampled in Maprik, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea [27, 34];

  • Oyo orthobunyavirus for Oyo virus (OYOV) first isolated in 1964 in Nigeria [unpublished; GenBank #HM63977/HM63979/HM63980];

  • Sedlec orthobunyavirus for Sedlec virus (SEDV) first isolated in 1984 from a Eurasian reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804)) sampled in South Moravian Region (Jihomoravský kraj), Czech Republic [45, 46, 50];

  • Triniti orthobunyavirus for Triniti virus (TNTV) isolated first in 1955 from a culicid mosquito (Trichoprosopon sp.) sampled in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago [62, 96];

  • Abras virus (ABRV) was moved from species Patois orthobunyavirus into new species Abras orthobunyavirus;

  • Ananindeua virus (ANUV) was moved from species Guama orthobunyavirus into new species Ananindeua orthobunyavirus;

  • Apeú virus (APEUV) was moved from species Caraparu orthobunyavirus into new species Apeu orthobunyavirus;

  • Bruconha virus (BRUV) was moved from species Caraparu orthobunyavirus into new species Bruconha orthobunyavirus;

  • Mahogany Hammock virus (MHV) was moved from species Guama orthobunyavirus into new species Mahogany Hammock orthobunyavirus;

  • Matruh virus (MTRV) was moved from species Tete orthobunyavirus into new species Matruh orthobunyavirus;

  • Moju virus (MOJUV) was moved from species Guama orthobunyavirus into new species Moju orthobunyavirus; and

  • Shark River virus (SRV) was moved from species Patois orthobunyavirus into new species Shark River orthobunyavirus.

Species Zegla orthobunyavirus was abolished (TaxoProp 2020.012M.A.v1.Orthobunyavirus_16new_sp_abolish_1sp).

Family Phasmaviridae

The family was expanded by new genus Hymovirus for two new species (TaxoProp 2020.020M.A.v1.Phasmaviridae):

  • Hymenopteran hymovirus 1 for hymenopteran phasma-related virus OKIAV252 (HyHV-1), discovered by HTS in cuckoo wasps (Chrysura cuprea (Rossi, 1790)) in Pondel, Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta), Italy [49]; and

  • Hymenopteran hymovirus 2for hymenopteran phasma-related virus OKIAV250 (HyHV-2) detected in cuckoo wasps (Chrysis gracillima Foerster, 1853) in Büchlberg/Godramstein, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [49].

Genus Feravirus was expanded by two novel species (TaxoProp 2020.020M.A.v1.Phasmaviridae):

  • Hemipteran feravirus for hemipteran phasma-related virus OKIAV247 (HeFV), discovered by HTS in a hawthorn shield bug (Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale (Linnaeus, 1758)) sampled in Donrath, North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Germany [49]; and

  • Neuropteran feravirus for neuropteran phasma-related virus OKIAV248 (NeFV), discovered by HTS in a green lacewing (Peyerimhoffina gracilis (Schneider, 1851)) sampled in Dürnstein, Lower Austria (Niederösterreich), Austria [49].

Genus Orthophasmavirus was expanded by four novel species (TaxoProp 2020.020M.A.v1.Phasmaviridae):

  • Coleopteran orthophasmavirus for coleopteran phasma-related virus OKIAV235 (CPRV), discovered by HTS in a harlequin ladybeetle (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773)) sampled in Jena, Thuringia (Thüringen), Germany [49];

  • Hymenopteran orthophasmavirus 1 for hymenopteran phasma-related virus OKIAV228 (HyOV-1), discovered by HTS in a cuckoo wasp (Philoctetes bogdanovii (Radoszkovski, 1877)) in Pondel, Aosta Valley (Valle d'Aosta), Italy [49];

  • Hymenopteran orthophasmavirus 2 for hymenopteran phasma-related virus OKIAV227 for (HyOV-2), discovered by HTS in a cuckoo wasp (Chrysis fasciata Olivier, 1790) in Bellheim, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Germany [49]; and

  • Niukluk phantom orthophasmavirus for Niukluk phantom virus (NUKV), discovered by HTS in a phantom midge (Chaoborus americanus (Johannsen, 1903)) sampled in the Niukluk River valley, Nome Census Area, Alaska, USA [5].

Family Phenuiviridae

The family was expanded by new genus Tanzavirus including a single new species, Human tanzavirus, for Dar es Salaam virus (DeSV), discovered by HTS in a human plasma sample collected in Dar es Salaam () Tanzania [60] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Bandavirus was expanded by one new species, Razdan bandavirus, for Razdan virus (RAZV) isolated from ixodid ticks (Dermacentor marginatus Sulzer, 1776) in Armenia in 1973 [66, 117] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp). Species name Lone Star bandavirus was corrected to Lone star bandavirus (TaxoProp 2020.006M.A.v1.Corrections).

Genus Coguvirus was expanded by one new species, Grapevine coguvirus, for grapevine associated cogu-like virus 1 (GaCLV-1), discovered by HTS in downy mildew-infected grapevines (Vitis sp.) sampled in Italy [18]. (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Horwuvirus was expanded by one new species, Kimberley horwuvirus, for Fitzroy Crossing tenui-like virus 1 (FCTenV1) detected in culicid mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris Skuse, 1889) sampled in Kimberley Region, Australia [108] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Laulavirus was expanded by three new species: Grapevine laulavirus 2, 3, and 4 for grapevine associated cogu-like viruses 2, 3, and 4 (GaCLV-2, GaCLV-3, GaCLV-4), respectively, discovered by HTS in downy mildew-infected grapevines (Vitis sp.) (GaCLV-2 and GaCLV-3) and esca-diseased grapevines (GaCLV-4) sampled in Italy [8, 18] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Mobuvirus was expanded by one new species, Narangue mobuvirus, for Ñarangue virus (NRGV), discovered by HTS in a culicid mosquito (Mansonia titillans (Walker, 1848)) sampled in Colombia [unpublished; GenBank #MN661012/MN661013/MN661014] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Phasivirus was expanded by two new species:

  • Guadeloupe phasivirus for Guadeloupe mosquito phasivirus (GMPV), discovered by HTS in mosquitoes (Aedes sp.) collected in Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France [89]; and

  • Kimberley phasivirus for Parry’s Creek phasivirus 1 (PCPhasV1), discovered by HTS in culicid mosquitoes (Culex annulirostris Skuse, 1889) sampled in Kimberley Region, Australia [108] (TaxoProps 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp and 2020.030M.R.Negarnaviricota_corrections).

Genus Phlebovirus was expanded by six species:

  • Bogoria phlebovirus for Bogoria virus (BGRV), discovered by HTS in phlebotomine sandflies sampled in Kapkuikui, Rift Valley Province, Kenya [68] (TaxoProp 2020.022M.A.v1.Phlebovirus_4sp);

  • Corfou phlebovirus for Corfou virus (CFUV) isolated from psychodid sandflies (Phlebotomus major Annandale, 1910) sampled in Corfou (Κέρκυρα), Ionian Islands (Περιφέρεια Ιονίων Νήσων), Greece, 1981 [1, 83] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp);

  • Embossos phlebovirus for Embossos virus (EMBV), discovered by HTS in phlebotomine sandflies sampled in Kapkuikui, Rift Valley Province, Kenya [68] (TaxoProp 2020.022M.A.v1.Phlebovirus_4sp);

  • Kiborgoch phlebovirus for Kiborgoch virus (KBGV), discovered by HTS in phlebotomine sandflies sampled in Kapkuikui, Rift Valley Province, Kenya [68] (TaxoProp 2020.022M.A.v1.Phlebovirus_4sp);

  • Penshurt phlebovirus for Penshurt virus (PEHV), discovered by RT-PCR in a Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858) sampled in Limón Province, Costa Rica [22] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp); and

  • Perkerra phlebovirus for Perkerra virus (PKEV), discovered by HTS in phlebotomine sandflies sampled in Kapkuikui, Rift Valley Province, Kenya [68] (TaxoProp 2020.022M.A.v1.Phlebovirus_4sp).

Species names Salobo phlabovirus and Tico phebovirus were corrected to Salobo phlebovirus and Tico phlebovirus, respectively (TaxoProp 2020.006M.A.v1.Corrections).

Genus Pidchovirus was expanded by one new species, Coleopteran pidchovirus, for coleopteran phenui-related virus 308 (CoPrV-308), discovered by HTS in spider mite destroyers (Stethorus sp.) sampled on Mount Tamborine, Queensland, Australia [49]. (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Rubodvirus was expanded by two new species: Grapevine rubodvirus 1 and 2 for grapevine Garan dmak virus (GGDV) and grapevine Muscat rose virus for (GMRV), discovered by HTS in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) samples from Armenia and Argentina, respectively [24] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

Genus Tenuivirus was expanded by one new species, European wheat striate mosaic tenuivirus, for European wheat striate mosaic virus (EWSMV) originally discovered in oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Pepino) in the 1960s [95] (TaxoProp 2020.029M.A.v2.Phenuiviridae_1gen16sp).

In genus Wenrivirus, Mourilyan virus (MoV), first discovered in 1996 in giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798) sampled in Mourilyan, Queensland, Australia [19], was recognized as a senior synonym of Wēnzhōu shrimp virus 1 (WzSV-1) [20].

Summary

A summary of the current, ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the phylum Negarnaviricota is presented in an order-specific manner in Table 1 (Goujianvirales), Table 2 (Jingchuvirales), Table 3 (Mononegavirales), Table 4 (Muvirales), Table 5 (Serpentovirales), Table 6 (Articulavirales), and Table 7 (Bunyavirales) and in form of two posters (Supplementary Figure 1).

Table 1 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Goujianvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Yunchangviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 2 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Jingchuvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 3 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Monjiviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 4 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Muvirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Chunqiuviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 5 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Serpentovirales (Negarnaviricota: Haploviricotina: Milneviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 6 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Articulavirales (Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Insthoviricetes) as of March 2021
Full size table
Table 7 ICTV-accepted taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales (Negarnaviricota: Polyploviricotina: Ellioviricetes) as of March 2020
Full size table