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Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel regulates chikungunya virus infection in macrophages

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Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a virus that induces pathogenic inflammatory host immune responses, is re-emerging worldwide, and there are currently no established antiviral control measures. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a non-selective Ca2+-permeable ion channel, has been found to regulate various host inflammatory responses including several viral infections. Immune responses to CHIKV infection in host macrophages have been reported recently. However, the possible involvement of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in host macrophages has not been studied. Here, we investigated the possible role of TRPV1 in CHIKV infection of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. It was found that CHIKV infection upregulates TRPV1 expression in macrophages. To confirm this observation, the TRPV1-specific modulators 5ˊ-iodoresiniferatoxin (5ˊ-IRTX, a TRPV1 antagonist) and resiniferatoxin (RTX, a TRPV1 agonist) were used. Our results indicated that TRPV1 inhibition leads to a reduction in CHIKV infection, whereas TRPV1 activation significantly enhances CHIKV infection. Using a plaque assay and a time-of-addition assay, it was observed that functional modulation of TRPV1 affects the early stages of the viral lifecycle in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, CHIKV infection was found to induce of pNF-κB (p65) expression and nuclear localization. However, both activation and inhibition of TRPV1 were found to enhance the expression and nuclear localization of pNF-κB (p65) and production of pro-inflammatory TNF and IL-6 during CHIKV infection. In addition, it was demonstrated by Ca2+ imaging that TRPV1 regulates Ca2+ influx during CHIKV infection. Hence, the current findings highlight a potentially important regulatory role of TRPV1 during CHIKV infection in macrophages. This study might also have broad implications in the context of other viral infections as well.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Dr. Manmohan Parida, DRDE, Gwalior, India, for kindly providing the virus strain (DRDE-06), Vero cell line, and E2 antibody. We are also thankful to the flow cytometry facility and the confocal facility of NISER and ILS for their support.

Funding

This study was partly funded by CSIR, India grant no. 37 (1542)/12/EMR-II, 37(1675)/16/EMR-II, DST FIST grant no. SR/FST/LSI-652/2015 and DST-SERB, India grant no. EMR/2016/000854. It was supported by Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, under the Department of Biotechnology and National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, under the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.

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  1. School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, HBNI, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India

    P. Sanjai Kumar, Tapas K. Nayak, Chandan Mahish, Subhransu S. Sahoo, Anukrishna Radhakrishnan, Ram P. Sahu, Chandan Goswami & Subhasis Chattopadhyay

  2. Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, (Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India

    Tapas K. Nayak, Saikat De, Ankita Datey & Soma Chattopadhyay

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  1. P. Sanjai Kumar
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Contributions

Conceptualization: P Sanjai Kumar, Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Methodology: P Sanjai Kumar, Tapas K. Nayak, Chandan Mahish, Subhransu S. Sahoo, Anukrishna R, Saikat De, Ankita Datey, Ram P. Sahu, Chandan Goswami, Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Formal analysis and investigation: P Sanjai Kumar, Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Writing - original draft preparation: P Sanjai Kumar, Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Writing - review and editing: P Sanjai Kumar, Tapas K. Nayak, Chandan Mahish, Subhransu S. Sahoo, Anukrishna R, Saikat De, Ankita Datey, Ram P. Sahu, Chandan Goswami, Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Funding acquisition: Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Resources: Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay; Supervision: Soma Chattopadhyay, Subhasis Chattopadhyay

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Correspondence to Soma Chattopadhyay or Subhasis Chattopadhyay.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Sanjai Kumar, P., Nayak, T.K., Mahish, C. et al. Inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel regulates chikungunya virus infection in macrophages. Arch Virol 166, 139–155 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04852-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04852-8

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