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Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of a pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolate reveals cross-species transmission and potential outbreak risks in the northwest region of China

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Abstract

Pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1) is enzootic in pigeons, causing severe economic loss in the poultry industry in many countries. However, the exact epidemic process of PPMV-1 transmission is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome of the PPMV-1/SX-01/15 isolate. Sequence results show that the virus genome contains 15,192 nucleotides, with the gene order 3’-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5’. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this genome belongs to subgenotype VIc in class II. The mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) were 62.4 h and 1.13, respectively, indicating that this isolate is a mesogenic PPMV-1 strain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a subgenotype VIc mesogenic PPMV-1 strain circulating in commercial pigeon flocks in the northwest region of China. In a comparative infection experiment, the morbidity and mortality rates were 100% and 80%, respectively, in 4-week-old pigeons, whereas they were 50% and 30%, respectively, in 5-week-old chickens. Furthermore, this virus caused severe neurological symptoms in a 4-week-old pigeon and mild neurological symptoms in a 5-week-old chicken. A histopathological examination of the brain showed a classical nonsuppurative encephalitis lesion. The pattern of viral shedding, and viral load, and virus distribution differed between infected chickens and pigeons. Genomic characteristics suggest that there was cross-species transmission of PPMV-1 subgenotype VIc in this region at least from the years 2006 to 2015.

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Author notes

  1. Shanhui Ren, Chongyang Wang and Xue Zhang contributed equally to this work and share first-authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Shanhui Ren, Chongyang Wang, Xue Zhang, Lei Zhao, Xiangwei Wang, Wei Yao, Qingsong Han, Yanhong Wang, Mengfei Fan, Xiaolong Gao, Sa Xiao, Xinglong Wang & Zengqi Yang

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  1. Shanhui Ren
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Correspondence to Xinglong Wang or Zengqi Yang.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (Nos. 312772578 and 31572538).

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All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines formulated by the World Organization for Animal Health. All of the experimental procedures were approved by an independent animal care and use committee in Shaanxi Province, China.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 35 kb)

705_2017_3422_MOESM2_ESM.pptx

Supplementary material 2 (PPTX 691 kb) Fig. S1 Standard curve of SYBR Green I real-time PCR. Serially diluted plasmid containing the viral P gene was amplified analyzed using real-time qPCR. (a1 and a2) The mean threshold cycle (Ct) values were plotted against log concentration of plasmid copies to construct the standard curve. Each dilution was performed in triplicate, and the mean Ct value was used to plot the standard curve. The melting curve was analyzed based on real-time PCR assay. (a3) The coefficient of determination (R 2) and the equation of regression curve (Y) were calculated

705_2017_3422_MOESM3_ESM.pptx

Supplementary material 3 (PPTX 313 kb) Fig. S2 The clinical scores, survival curve and serum antibody titers of 2-week-old chickens or 4-week-old pigeons after inoculation with 106 EID50 of NDV in the first animal experiment. (a) Mean clinical symptom index scores for infected birds. (b) Survival curves for inoculated birds. Survival data were analyzed using Prism 5.0 (Graph Pad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA). (c) Antibodies were examined by HI assay at 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 dpi. Data are presented as means, with five samples collected randomly per experiment. Each point represents the mean HI titer (log 2) ± standard deviation (SD; n=3). Bars correspond to the mean ± SD. Data were analyzed using Prism 5.0 (Graph Pad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA). Significance was analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. *, p-value ˂ 0.05; **, p-value ˂0.01

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Ren, S., Wang, C., Zhang, X. et al. Phylogenetic and pathogenic characterization of a pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 isolate reveals cross-species transmission and potential outbreak risks in the northwest region of China. Arch Virol 162, 2755–2767 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3422-1

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