Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Equine influenza (EI) continues to be an important respiratory pathogen of horses worldwide. Since 2007 several outbreaks of EI have occurred in Central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, western Mongolia, India and western China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) isolates from Kazakhstan, A/equine/Almaty/26/2007 and A/equine/South Kazakhstan/236/12, were related to Florida sublineage 2, with high similarity to EIVs circulating in the same period in neighbouring countries. New outbreaks of EI during 2011 and 2012 in Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries were caused by viruses of the same lineage. Genetic characterization of the viruses showed formation of a small EIV cluster with specific genetic signatures and continued evolution of this lineage in Central Asia between 2007 and 2012. The main genetic changes were observed in hemagglutinin gene without any antigenic drift. Although no vaccination policy was carried out in Kazakhstan, application of Florida clade 2–based vaccines is recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Anonymous. Agency of statistics of the republic of Kazakhstan. Cattle and poultry livestock (2012) http://www.eng.stat.kz/digital/Agriculture/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 19 Sep 2013

  2. Anonymous. FAO http://faostat.fao.org/site/573/default.aspx#ancor. Accessed 19 Sep 2013

  3. Bryant NA, Rash AS, Russell CA, Ross J, Cooke A, Bowman S, MacRae S, Lewis NS, Paillot R, Zanoni R, Meier H, Griffiths LA, Daly JM, Tiwari A, Chambers TM, Newton JR, Elton DM (2009) Antigenic and genetic variations in European and North American equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated from 2006 to 2007. Vet Microbiol 138(1–2):41–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Daly JM, Lai AC, Binns MM, Chambers TM, Barrandeguy M, Mumford JA (1996) Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine H3N8 influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 77(Pt 4):661–671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Guo Y, Wang M, Kawaoka Y, Gorman O, Ito T, Saito T, Webster RG (1992) Characterization of a new avian-like influenza A virus from horses in China. Virology 188:245–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR (2001) Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146:2275–2289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ito M, Nagai M, Hayakawa Y, Komae H, Murakami N, Yotsuya S, Asakura S, Sakoda Y, Kida H (2008) Genetic analyses of an H3N8 influenza virus isolate, causative strain of the outbreak of equine influenza at the Kanazawa Racecourse in Japan in 2007. J Vet Med Sci 70(9):899–906

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kawaoka Y, Bean WJ, Webster RG (1989) Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses. Virology 169(2):283–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lai AC, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Morley PS, Haines DM, Townsend HG, Barrandeguy M (2001) Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere. Arch Virol 146(6):1063–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Murcia PR, Wood JLN, Holmes EC (2011) Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus. J Virol 85(11):5312–5322

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Newton JR, Daly JM, Spencer L, Mumford JA (2006) Description of the equine influenza (H3N8) outbreak in the UK during 2003, during which recent vaccination failed to prevent disease in racehorses in Newmarket. Vet Rec 158:185–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. OIE (2010) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. Chapter 2.3.4 Avian influenza

  13. Qi T, Guo W, Huang W, Dai L, Zhao L, Li H, Li X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Yan Y, He N, Xiang W (2010) Isolation and genetic characterization of H3N8 equine influenza virus from donkeys in China. Vet Microbiol 144(3–4):455–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Qi T, Guo W, Huang WQ, Li HM, Zhao LP, Dai LL, He N, Hao XF, Xiang WH (2010) Genetic evolution of equine influenza viruses isolated in China. Arch Virol 155(9):1425–1432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rozamova RA, Beysembayeva RU, Fursova LM, Glebova TI, Chuvakova ZК (1994) Epizootia grippa loshadey v Kazakhstane v 1992 godu. In: Proceedings of the Scientific Conference Urgent Issues of Virology (molecular biology, immunology, diagnostics, biotechnology, epizootology and epidemiology). Gvardeysky town, Kazakhstan. Part I: 120–121 (in Russian)

  16. Virmani N, Singh BK, Gulati BR, Kumar S (2008) Equine influenza outbreak in India. Vet Rec 163(20):607–608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Virmani N, Bera BC, Singh BK, Shanmugasundaram K, Gulati BR, Barua S, Vaid RK, Gupta AK, Singh RK (2010) Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008–09): virus isolation, sero-epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene. Vet Microbiol 143(2–4):224–237

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Watson J, Daniels P, Kirkland P, Carroll A, Jeggo M (2011) The 2007 outbreak of equine influenza in Australia: lessons learned for international trade in horses. Rev Sci Tech 30(1):87–93

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (1992) Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev 56(1):152–179

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yamanaka T, Niwa H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T (2008) Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007. J Vet Med Sci 70(6):623–625

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yondon M, Heil GL, Burks JP, Zayat B, Waltzek TB, Jamiyan BO, McKenzie PP, Krueger WS, Friary JA, Gray GC (2013) Isolation and characterization of H3N8 equine influenza A virus associated with the 2011 epizootic in Mongolia. Influ Other Resp Virus. doi:10.1111/irv.12069

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Science Committee of the Education and Science Ministry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Grant Project No. 0106PК00818 “Studying of the ecology of influenza A virus in Kazakhstan” in the framework of the Scientific Technical Program 0.0392 «Avian Influenza: research, development of tools and methods for struggle» and WHO Project No. CSR12-180-9 “Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Kazakhstan”. We also thank Alexander Shevtsov and other colleagues from the National Center of Biotechnology (Astana, Kazakhstan) for sequencing the 2007 viruses, and M. Lipkind (Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel) and Dr. Fouchier (Netherlands) for kindly providing the spectrum of anti-neuraminidase and subtype-specific anti-hemagglutinin sera for subtyping of viruses. The authors thank T.C. Harder and E. Starick for editorial advice during the preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Viral Ecology, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

    Kobey Karamendin, A. Kydyrmanov, Y. Kasymbekov, E. Khan, K. Daulbayeva, S. Asanova, K. Zhumatov, A. Seidalina & M. Sayatov

  2. Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Insel Riems, Germany

    S. R. Fereidouni

Authors
  1. Kobey Karamendin
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Kydyrmanov
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Kasymbekov
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. Khan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Daulbayeva
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Asanova
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. K. Zhumatov
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. A. Seidalina
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  9. M. Sayatov
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  10. S. R. Fereidouni
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kobey Karamendin.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 130 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karamendin, K., Kydyrmanov, A., Kasymbekov, Y. et al. Continuing evolution of equine influenza virus in Central Asia, 2007-2012. Arch Virol 159, 2321–2327 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2078-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2078-3

Keywords