Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A novel SR protein binding site in a cis-regulatory element of HIV-1

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We have previously described a cis enhancing sequence (CES) in the gp41 region of the HIV-1 env gene. It could enhance HIV-1 Gag expression via both rev-dependent and CTE (constitutive transport element)-dependent pathways. We identified a functionally important and conserved region in the CES that contained a predicted binding sequence for an SR protein, ASF/SF2. We show here that ASF/SF2 bound to this sequence in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and that the putative ASF/SF2-binding sequence was required for the enhancement of Gag expression by CES and might play a role in HIV-1 posttranscriptional regulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cartegni L, Wang J, Zhu Z, Zhang MQ, Krainer AR (2003) ESEfinder: a web resource to identify exonic splicing enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res 31:3568–3571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Damgaard CK, Kahns S, Lykke-Andersen S, Nielsen AL, Jensen TH, Kjems J (2008) A 5′ splice site enhances the recruitment of basal transcription initiation factors in vivo. Mol Cell 29:271–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Expert-Bezancon A, Sureau A, Durosay P, Salesse R, Groeneveld H, Lecaer JP, Marie J (2004) hnRNP A1 and the SR proteins ASF/SF2 and SC35 have antagonistic functions in splicing of beta-tropomyosin exon 6B. J Biol Chem 279:38249–38259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Graveley BR (2000) Sorting out the complexity of SR protein functions. Rna 6:1197–1211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang Y, Gattoni R, Stevenin J, Steitz JA (2003) SR splicing factors serve as adapter proteins for TAP-dependent mRNA export. Mol Cell 11:837–843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Huang Y, Yario TA, Steitz JA (2004) A molecular link between SR protein dephosphorylation and mRNA export. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:9666–9670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Huang Y, Steitz JA (2005) SRprises along a messenger’s journey. Mol Cell 17:613–615

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jacquenet S, Decimo D, Muriaux D, Darlix JL (2005) Dual effect of the SR proteins ASF/SF2, SC35 and 9G8 on HIV-1 RNA splicing and virion production. Retrovirology 2:33

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lai MC, Tarn WY (2004) Hypophosphorylated ASF/SF2 binds TAP and is present in messenger ribonucleoproteins. J Biol Chem 279:31745–31749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lemaire R, Prasad J, Kashima T, Gustafson J, Manley JL, Lafyatis R (2002) Stability of a PKCI-1-related mRNA is controlled by the splicing factor ASF/SF2: a novel function for SR proteins. Genes Dev 16:594–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Nishimori H, Shiratsuchi T, Urano T, Kimura Y, Kiyono K, Tatsumi K, Yoshida S, Ono M, Kuwano M, Nakamura Y, Tokino T (1997) A novel brain-specific p53-target gene, BAI1, containing thrombospondin type 1 repeats inhibits experimental angiogenesis. Oncogene 15:2145–2150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Paca-Uccaralertkun S, Damgaard CK, Auewarakul P, Thitithanyanont A, Suphaphiphat P, Essex M, Kjems J, Lee TH (2006) The effect of a single nucleotide substitution in the splicing silencer in the tat/rev intron on HIV type 1 envelope expression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22:76–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Rodgers JT, Patel P, Hennes JL, Bolognia SL, Mascotti DP (2000) Use of biotin-labeled nucleic acids for protein purification and agarose-based chemiluminescent electromobility shift assays. Anal Biochem 277:254–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Saltarelli MJ, Hadziyannis E, Hart CE, Harrison JV, Felber BK, Spira TJ, Pavlakis GN (1996) Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA splicing patterns during disease progression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12:1443–1456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sanford JR, Gray NK, Beckmann K, Caceres JF (2004) A novel role for shuttling SR proteins in mRNA translation. Genes Dev 18:755–768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sanford JR, Ellis J, Caceres JF (2005) Multiple roles of arginine/serine-rich splicing factors in RNA processing. Biochem Soc Trans 33:443–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sanford JR, Ellis JD, Cazalla D, Caceres JF (2005) Reversible phosphorylation differentially affects nuclear and cytoplasmic functions of splicing factor 2/alternative splicing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15042–15047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Suptawiwat O, Sutthent R, Lee TH, Auewarakul P (2003) Intragenic HIV-1 env sequences that enhance gag expression. Virology 309:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Suptawiwat O, Lee TH, Auewarakul P (2005) HIV-1 Cis Enhancing Sequence (CES) enhances CTE-dependent Gag expression. Virology 342:111–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Swartz JE, Bor YC, Misawa Y, Rekosh D, Hammarskjold ML (2007) The shuttling SR protein 9G8 plays a role in translation of unspliced mRNA containing a constitutive transport element. J Biol Chem 282:19844–19853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Takeb EY, Kusagawa S, Motomura K (2004) Molecular epidemiology of HIV: tracking AIDS pandemic. Pediatr Int 46:236–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tange TO, Damgaard CK, Guth S, Valcarcel J, Kjems J (2001) The hnRNP A1 protein regulates HIV-1 tat splicing via a novel intron silencer element. EMBO J 20:5748–5758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Xiao SH, Manley JL (1998) Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation differentially affects activities of splicing factor ASF/SF2. EMBO J 17:6359–6367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Zahler AM, Damgaard CK, Kjems J, Caputi M (2004) SC35 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B proteins bind to a juxtaposed exonic splicing enhancer/exonic splicing silencer element to regulate HIV-1 tat exon 2 splicing. J Biol Chem 279:10077–10084

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhu J, Mayeda A, Krainer AR (2001) Exon identity established through differential antagonism between exonic splicing silencer-bound hnRNP A1 and enhancer-bound SR proteins. Mol Cell 8:1351–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

O. Suptawiwat and C. Boonarkart were supported by the postdoctoral and research assistant program of the Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital. The project was supported by a research grant from Thailand Research Fund.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ornpreya Suptawiwat.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Suptawiwat, O., Boonarkart, C. & Auewarakul, P. A novel SR protein binding site in a cis-regulatory element of HIV-1. Arch Virol 155, 1789–1795 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0765-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0765-2

Keywords

Navigation