Abstract
The viral reverse transcriptase gene was amplified from the plasma of 27 drug-naïve and five drug-experienced HIV patients in Northern India. Follow-up samples of naïve patients after antiretroviral therapy initiation were collected in six patients at 3 months and three patients at 6 months. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two new recombinant forms, CRF_CH and CRF_CK, and an accessory non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation E138A, not previously reported from India. The major DRMs found in two 6-month follow-up samples were absent in their baseline blood samples. This is the first follow-up study to determine anti-retroviral drug resistance mutations in Indian HIV patients.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
UNAIDS (2008) Report of the global AIDS epidemic. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/2008/Globalreport.asp. Accessed 15 Nov 2009
Shafer RW, Schapiro JM (2008) HIV-1 drug resistance mutations: an updated framework for the second decade of HAART. AIDS Rev 10:67–84
Sala M, Vartanian JP (1998) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: an out-of-the-ordinary enzyme. Bull Inst Pasteur 96:49–63
Kantor R, Katzenstein D (2004) Drug resistance in non-subtype B HIV-1. J Clin Virol 29:152–159
Arora SK, Gupta S, Toor JS, Singla A (2008) Drug resistance-associated genotypic alterations in the pol gene of HIV Type 1 isolates in ART-I individuals in North India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24:125–130
Hira SK, Panchal K, Parmar PA, Bhatia VP (2004) High resistance to antiretroviral drugs: the Indian experience. Int J STD AIDS 15:173–177
Soundararajan L, Karunaianandham R, Valerie J, Marie HS, Ranjani R, Paranji RN, Herve JF, Soumya S (2007) Characterization of HIV-1 isolates from antiretroviral Drug-I Children in Southern India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23:119–1126
Balakrishnan P, Kumarasamy N, Kantor R, Solomon S, Vidya S, Mayer KH (2005) HIV type 1 genotypic variation in an antiretroviral treatment-I population in southern India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21:301–305
Lall M, Gupta RM, Sen S, Kapila K, Tripathy SP, Paranjape RS (2008) Profile of primary resistance in HIV-1-infected treatment-I individuals from Western India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 24:987–990
Shafer RW, Eisen JA, Merigan TC, Katzenstein DA (1997) Sequence and drug susceptibility of subtype C reverse transcriptase from human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 seroconverters in Zimbabwe. J Virol 71:5441–5448
Cano A, Monica V, Gonzalo A, Tzipe G, Maria EM, Eric G (2004) Antigenic properties of phage displayed peptides comprising disulfied-bonded loop of the immunodominant region of HIV-1 gp41. Immunol Lett 95:207–212
Eshleman SH, Hudelson SE, Gupta A, Bollinger R, Divekar AD, Gangakhedkar RR (2005) Limited evolution in the HIV type 1 pol region among acute seroconverters in Pune, India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21:93–97
Novak RM, Chen L, Mac Arthur RD (2005) Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in chronically HIV-infected treatment I patients: implications for routine resistance screening before initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 40:468–474
Sen S, Tripathy SP, Patil AA, Chimanpure VM, Paranjape RS (2007) High prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients from Pune, India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23:1303–1308
Deshpande A, Jauvin V, Magnin N, Pinson P, Faure M, Masquelier B (2007) Resistance mutations in subtype C HIV type 1 isolates from Indian patients of Mumbai receiving NRTIs plus NNRTIs and experiencing a treatment failure: resistance to AR. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 23:335–340
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dutta Choudhury, S., Chaudhury, A.K., Kalra, R. et al. Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene of HIV-1 isolates from Northern Indian patients: a follow-up study. Arch Virol 155, 563–569 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0605-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0605-4