Abstract
Monsoon Inversion (MI) plays a key role and is one of the semi-permanent features of Asian Summer Monsoon. MI is defined as a sustained temperature inversion (TI) that is observed in the lower troposphere, during summer monsoon (June to September) over the Western AS (WAS) with its peak between July and August. A comprehensive analysis of formation, evolution, and dissipation of MI is made using long-term observations from satellites and ERA-5 reanalysis of 15 years (2008–2022). The climatological day-to-day and monthly variations of MI over the Arabian Sea are studied. The occurrence of inversion (TI) during pre-monsoon, i.e., during April and May, is at a lower altitude and is strengthened by subsidence. The MI is found to occur strongly over the WAS, while it is seen occasionally with lesser strength over the Eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) during July–August. The advection is nearly five times stronger than subsidence. The reasons for the existence and strength of MI are investigated using the data of dust from the CALIPSO. There is a ~ 15% difference in the occurrence of dust over WAS compared to EAS. Also, MI occurrence has shown significant differences in temperature profiles during dust and non-dust cases. The analysis of MI reveals that strong MI is due to more advection of warm dry and dust laden air from desert regions (west, north and northwest directions). The present study has significance to the understanding of interannual monsoon variability.
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Abbreviations
- AGL:
-
Above ground level
- ARL:
-
Air Resources Laboratory
- AS:
-
Arabian Sea
- ASM:
-
Asian Summer Monsoon
- ARMEX:
-
Arabian Sea Monsoon Experiment
- CALIPSO:
-
Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation
- CC:
-
Clear Continental
- CM:
-
Continental Marine
- C3S:
-
Copernicus Climate Change Service
- DT:
-
Dust
- DAOD:
-
Dust aerosol optical depth
- DM:
-
Dusty Marine
- EAS:
-
Eastern Arabian Sea
- ECMWF:
-
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- ESA:
-
European Space Agency’s
- FGGE:
-
First GARP Global Experiment
- HYSPLIT:
-
Hybrid SingleParticle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory
- IASI:
-
Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer
- ISM:
-
Indian Summer Monsoon
- IIOE:
-
International Indian Ocean Expedition
- ITCZ:
-
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
- MONEX:
-
Monsoon Experiment
- MI:
-
Monsoon Inversion
- NCMWRF:
-
National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
- PC:
-
Polluted Continental
- PD:
-
Polluted Dust
- SBDART:
-
Santa Barbara Discrete Ordinate Atmospheric Radiative Transfer
- SM:
-
Smoke
- SST:
-
Sea surface temperature
- TI:
-
Temperature inversion
- VFM:
-
Vertical Feature Mask
- WAS:
-
Western Arabian Sea
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Acknowledgements
The first author (Sanjeev Dwivedi) is thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India, for providing a National Post-Doctoral Fellowship (PDF/2016/003854) at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, IIT Bhubaneswar, for providing the facility and a Post-Doctoral Fellowship to carry out this work. The author is also thankful to Meteorological Centre, Bhubaneswar, for providing necessary support. The authors gratefully acknowledge the ARL for HYSPLIT, NOAA, and ECMWF and NCEP for providing model, satellite (IASI), and CALIPSO and reanalyzed data sets used in this study. We wish to thank T.V. Lakshmi Kumar, Kiranamayi Landu, Harish Gadhvi, K. Venkatesh, S. T. Akhil Raj, A. Aravindhavel, and K. Aruna for active discussions in the data analysis.
Funding
The first author is thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India, for providing a National Post-Doctoral Fellowship via grant number PDF/2016/003854.
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M. S. Narayanan conceived the idea and supervision. S. Dwivedi carried out analysis, methodology and conceptualization, and writing the original manuscript with subsequent input from all co-authors. A. Pandit compiled the dust analysis. Buddhi Prakash Jangid carried out SBDART analysis. D. Narayana Rao, V. Sathiyamoorthy, M. V. Ratnam, V. Yesubabu, and V. Vinoj are responsible for the discussion and supervision.
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Dwivedi, S., Pandit, A.K., Jangid, B.P. et al. Formation and maintenance of monsoon inversion over the Arabian Sea. Theor Appl Climatol 155, 2841–2856 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04785-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04785-7