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Numerical simulation and evaluation of soil temperature on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau by the CLM4.5 model

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Abstract

The CRUNCEP V7 dataset was used to drive the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) to simulate the spatiotemporal changes in soil temperature in the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau from 1981 to 2016. The simulation results were compared with observations, ERA-Interim, and Global Land Data Assimilation System-Community Land Model (GLDAS-CLM) soil temperature reanalysis data. The results show that (1) the CLM4.5 can accurately reproduce the dynamic changes in the observed soil temperature over time in two soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–50 cm) at most sites, with a significant positive correlation with the observations. (2) The CLM4.5 can depict the spatial distribution of soil temperature in the plateau area, and the distribution characteristics are consistent with those of the reanalysis data. The soil temperature increases from north to south, and the values in the Qaidam Basin are significantly higher than those in the surrounding area. The CLM4.5 results are similar in value to the ERA-Interim product, while the GLDAS-CLM soil temperature values are generally higher. (3) The simulated value shows the trend of ‘increasing–decreasing-increasing–decreasing’ (+ −  + −) from the west to the east in summer and autumn, while in winter and spring, the trend is generally increasing, but a decreasing trend is observed in some isolated locations. The temperature variation trends in the ERA-Interim data in winter and the GLDAS-CLM data in the middle of Sanjiangyuan in spring and the Qinghai Plateau in winter are consistent with those of the simulated data. The above results are all tested with 95% confidence. (4) From 1981 to 2016, the soil temperature on the plateau showed a significant upward trend, especially in spring and autumn. The two layers of the plateau have obvious seasonal changes, with the whole year characterised by a ‘single peak shape’. From March to September, the shallow soil temperature is higher than the deep soil temperature, and from October to February, the deep soil temperature is higher than the shallow soil temperature.

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Data availability

The datasets used or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

The codes of the data in this current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the reviewers and editor for their insightful remarks. We would like to thank the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR Boulder/Colo., USA) for the publicly available Community Land Model version 4.5. Thanks to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF, UK) for providing the ERA-Interim reanalysis data and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA) for providing the GLDAS data. We thank the Soil Temperature and Moisture Monitoring Network of the Tibetan Plateau of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources (CAS, CHN) for providing soil temperature observation data. The first author specifically thanks the NCAR again for providing NCL calculations and the drawing program.

Funding

This research received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers: 42075081, 42075019, 41905008) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (Grant Number: 2019QZKK0102).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China

    X. Ding, X. Lai & G. Z. Fan

  2. Meteorological Center of Xinjiang Air Traffic Management Bureau, Urumqi, 830016, China

    X. Ding

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Contributions

Ding X: data analysis/interpretation, statistical analysis, experimental studies, and manuscript preparation. Lai X: provided data, study concepts, study design, manuscript revision/review, manuscript final version approval, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. Fan GZ: manuscript revision/review, manuscript final version approval, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to X. Lai.

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Ding, X., Lai, X. & Fan, G.Z. Numerical simulation and evaluation of soil temperature on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau by the CLM4.5 model. Theor Appl Climatol 152, 371–384 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04406-3

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