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Spatial distribution of the trends in potential evapotranspiration and its influencing climatic factors in Iraq

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Abstract

Understanding the spatial variations in potential evapotranspiration (PET) and its influencing climatic variables is essential for sustainable agriculture and water resources management. However, little published research has investigated the alternation of PET due to climate change in the case of Iraq. The objective of the present study was to analyze the spatial trends in annual and seasonal PET in Iraq. Accordingly, the latest global ERA5-Land dataset of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts for 1981–2021 was employed. The PET was estimated using the FAO-Penman–Monteith method. The modified Mann–Kendall statistical test was applied to evaluate the significance of the trends in PET, which can separate unidirectional trends caused by climate change from the natural variability of climate. The attained results indicate that: (1) Over the past four decades, the annual and seasonal PET witnessed a significant increasing trend in almost all of Iraq, except for the alluvial plain in the eastern and southeastern parts. (2) The increasing trend in PET confirmed the patterns of the trend significance, with the highest increase of 0.28–0.65 mm/decade in southwest Iraq. (3) Summer had the highest upward trend of 0.35–0.65 mm/decade, followed by spring, autumn, and winter. (4) The air temperature was the predominant driving factor of rising PET, showing a positive correlation ranging from 0.77 to 0.88 and a contribution of 26 to 94%, mainly in the south, central, and northwest regions. The reverse contribution of wind speed and surface pressure to PET, particularly in the southeast and southwest, remains offset by the influence of air temperature and net solar radiation. Overall, the PET has risen drastically due to global climate change, indicating the potential for increased atmospheric water demand in the region.

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Data availability

All the data are available in the public domain at the links provided in the text.

Code availability

The codes used for data processing can be provided on request to the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing European Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) climate datasets through their web portal.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Alaa Adel Jasim Al-Hasani & Shamsuddin Shahid

  2. Department of Agrometeorological Applications and Climate Change, Iraqi Agrometeorological Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq

    Alaa Adel Jasim Al-Hasani

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  1. Alaa Adel Jasim Al-Hasani
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  2. Shamsuddin Shahid
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Contributions

Both authors equally contributed to conceptualizing and designing the study. Alaa Adel Jasim Al-Hasani downloaded data, performed the necessary analysis, and prepared results and the first draft; Shamsuddin Shahid wrote the programming code for data analysis and repeatedly revised the initial draft to generate the final version.

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Correspondence to Alaa Adel Jasim Al-Hasani.

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Al-Hasani, A.A.J., Shahid, S. Spatial distribution of the trends in potential evapotranspiration and its influencing climatic factors in Iraq. Theor Appl Climatol 150, 677–696 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-022-04184-4

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