Abstract
The current warming of climate has led to an enhancement of the extreme temperature risks threatening various systems. Following that, we analysed the progress of the main type of the temperature-extreme weather events—heatwaves (HWs). We focused on the area of the Western Carpathians (Central Europe), since the Carpathian Mountains are widely recognised as an important biodiversity hot-spot particularly for mountain species in Europe. The HWs were identified for a range of elevations from low to high altitudes including a high mountain station. We used the percentile threshold-based calculation of HW, which in comparison to those using absolute thresholds allows for revealing the possible threats of climate warming extremes at the range of altitudes. We observed the HWs based on the maximum (HWMAX) and average (HWAVG) daily air temperatures in June–August during the period of 30 years (1989–2018) and we characterised them by the strength, frequency, and duration of the longest HW event. The Mann-Kendal trend test of these heatwave characteristics was significantly positive (p < 0.05) at most of stations throughout the region of Western Carpathians. At the high mountain station, particularly the maximum temperature exceedance increased, indicated by significant positive trends of HWMAX in strength (p = 0.02), frequency (p = 0.01), and duration of the longest event (p = 0.02). The majority of the strongest HWs occurring across Europe over the last three decades hit the area of Western Carpathians. More importantly, the area experienced the regional HWs, severity of which was comparable to those of exceptionally strong HWs, although these regional HWs were less important from the large-scale aspect. The greatest intensification of HWs is evident particularly in the last decade, although the longest HWMAX event from 1994 was not exceeded. Our results show potentially enhanced HW-induced stress to organisms as a consequence of the coincidence of HWMAX and HWAVG of the comparable strength during the last decade.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute.
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Acknowledgements
Veronika Lukasová acknowledges support from the Stefan Schwarz fund for postdoctoral researchers awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences. We kindly acknowledge the cooperation with the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. Further thank belongs to Dr. Robert Kanka for the material and valuable comments provided.
Funding
This research was funded by research grants of The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic: VEGA 2/0093/21, VEGA 2/0003/21, VEGA 1/0111/18, VEGA 1/0500/19 and by grant of the Slovak Research and Development Agency no. APVV-18–0347.
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Conceptualisation—V.L. and Jar.Š. Methodology—V.L. and Jan.Š. Formal analysis—S.B. and Z.S. Resources—Jar.Š, Jan,Š., and V.L. Data curation—H.H. and P.B. Writing—V.L. Review and editing—Z.S., S.B., Jar.Š., Jan,Š., H.H., and P.B. Visualisation—V.L. Supervision—Jar.Š. Funding acquisition—Jar.Š., Jan,Š., and V.L.
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Lukasová, V., Škvareninová, J., Bičárová, S. et al. Regional and altitudinal aspects in summer heatwave intensification in the Western Carpathians. Theor Appl Climatol 146, 1111–1125 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03789-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03789-5