Abstract
Climate change affects maize production in the east of Northwest China (ENC). Based on the meteorological data, maize growth phase data, and yield data in the ENC, spatial clustering and mixed linear models were used to evaluate the effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield. The results showed that under the background of climate change, the sowing time was earlier, the maize development phase was shorter, the mid-season was longer, and whole growth duration increased, and the planting boundary moved further northward and expanded westward. In the whole growth duration, the temperature increased and the effective precipitation (Peff) decreased. Drought increased in the initial and late season of maize growth. Maize yield was selected as an attribute element for spatial clustering, and the ENC was divided into high–high cluster (HH), low–low cluster (LL), and high–low outlier (HL) areas. In the HH area, in any growth stage, the Peff reduction and drought stress reduced the maize yield; in the initial phase, increased temperature and decreased radiation increased maize yield; in the mid-season phase, increased temperature reduced maize yield. In the LL area, increased temperature in the initial and late season phases and the decreased temperature in the development phase were conducive to the formation of maize yield; the increase of Peff in the mid-season phase and its decrease in the late season phases increased maize yield; drought mainly affected the maize development phase. In the HL area, increased temperature in the development phase and decreased temperature in the mid-season phase increased maize yield; the Peff had a positive effect on the yield, mainly affecting the development and late season phases of maize; drought stress mainly affected the initial, development, and mid-season phases of maize. These new scientific discoveries are significant for maize production management in the ENC.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen DW (2010) GIS tutorial 2: spatial analysis workbook. Esri Press, Redlands
Butts-Wilmsmeyer CJ, Seebauer JR, Singleton L, Below FE (2019) Weather during key growth stages explains grain quality and yield of maize. Agronomy 9(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronmy9010016
Camarotto C, Dal Ferro N, Piccoli I, Polese R, Furlan L, Chiarini F, Morari F (2018) Conservation agriculture and cover crop practices to regulate water, carbon and nitrogen cycles in the low-lying Venetian plain. Catena 167:236–249
CMA (2017) China climate change bulletin (2016). China Meteorological Administration, Beijing
Deng ZY, Zhang Q, Ning HF, Liang DS, Wang Q, Xu JQ, Wang JS (2010) Influence of climate warming and drying on crop eco-climate adaptability in Northwestern China. J Desert Res 30(3):633–639
Deng HL, Zhang HJ, Tian JL, Xiao L, Zhang YL, Li FQ, Wang YC (2019) Response of spring maize soil environment and yield to planting patterns in semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. J Soil Water Conserv 33(5):257–265
Dorado-Liñán I, Piovesan G, Martínez-Sancho E, Algae-lzquierdo G, Zang C, Cañellas I, Castagneri D, Filippo AD, Gutiérrez E, Ewald J, Fernández-de-Uña L, Hornstein D, Jantsch MC, Levanič T, Menzel A, Maaten E, Maaten-Theunissen M, Muffler L, Motta R, Roibu C, Popa I, Scharnweber T, Weigel R, Wilmking M, Zang CS (2019) Geographical adaptation prevails over species-specific determinism in trees‘ vulnerability to climate change at Mediterranean rear-edge forests. Glob Chang Biol 25(4):1296–1314
Eitzinger J, Thaler S, Schmid E, Strauss F, Ferrise R, Moriondo M, Bindi M, Palosuo T, Rötter R, Kersebaum KC, Olesen JE, Patil RH, Şaylan L, Çaldağ B, Çaylak O (2013) Sensitivities of crop models to extreme weather conditions during flowering period demonstrated for maize and winter wheat in Austria. J Agric Sci 151(6):813–835
FAO (1979) Yield response to water. Drainage and Irrigation Paper 33. FAO, Rome
Feng SQ, Wang HE, Liu YX, Guo YF (2019) Simulation and prediction of climate change trend in the next 10 years over northwest China. J Arid Meteorol 37(4):557–564
Fu J, Sun NN, Liu TX, Yang YL, Zhao X, Li CH (2019) Effect of high temperature stress on morphology, leaf structure and grain yield of maize. J Maize 27(1):46–53
Geng Q, Wu P, Zhao X (2016) Spatial and temporal trends in climatic variables in arid areas of northwest China. Int J Climatol 36(12):4118–4129
Golzardi F, Baghdadi A, Afshar RK (2017) Alternate furrow irrigation affects yield and water-use efficiency of maize under deficit irrigation. Crop Pasture Sci 68:726–734
Ingraham PA, Salas WA (2019) Assessing nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching mitigation potential in US corn crop systems using the DNDC model. Agric Syst 175:79–87
IPCC (2014a) Climate change: impact, adaptation, and vulnerability, Part A: global and sectoral aspects[R]//Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014b. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
IPCC (2014b) Climate change 2014: impact, adaptation, and vulnerability, Part B: regional aspects[R]//Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014a. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Jia HC, Wang JA, Cao CX, Pan DH, Shi PJ (2012) Maize drought disaster risk assessment of China based on EPIC model. Int J Digit Earth 5(6):488–515
Leng G (2019) Uncertainty in assessing temperature impact on US maize yield under global warming: the role of compounding precipitation effect. J Geophys Res-Atmos 124:6238–6246. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029996
Li HM, Fan JZ (2015) Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological drought in the growth period of summer maize in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Shaanxi Meteorol 4:1–5
Li C, Frolking S, Frolking TA (1992a) A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: I. Model structure and sensitivity. J Geophys Res 97:9759–9776
Li C, Frolking S, Frolking TA (1992b) A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: II. Model applications. J Geophys Res 97:9777–9783
Liu Y (2013) Analysis on the spatio-temporl variability and trends of agricultural water and thermal resources from climate change perspectives. Doctoral Dissertation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Liu YJ, Qin Y, Ge QS (2019) Spatiotemporal differentiation of changes in maize phenology in China from 1981 to 2010. J Geogr Sci 29(3):351–362
Lizaso JI, Ruiz-Ramos M, Rodríguez L, Gabaldon-Leal C, Oliveira JA, Lorite IJ, Sánchez D, García E, Rodríguez A (2018) Impact of high temperatures in maize: phenology and yield components. Field Crop Res 216:129–140
Marzougui S, Kharrat M, Younes M (2019) Marker-trait associations of yield related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under a semi-arid climate. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 55:138–145
Ning F, Zhang YH, Wen PF, Wang R, Wang Q, Dong ZY, Jia GC, Li J (2019a) Responses of maize growth and yield to nitrogen application in dryland under different precipitation conditions. Acta Agron Sin 45(5):777–791
Ning FF, Gao Y, Huang SB, Wang YY, Yang GE, Wang P, Liao SH (2019b) Effects of increased plant density on maize leaf drooping characteristic. J China Agric University 24(6):17–25
Petra D, Stefan S (2002) Global modeling of irrigation water requirements. Water Resour Res 38(4):1–8
Raza MA, Feng LY, Khalid MHB, Iqbal N, Meraj TA, Hassan MJ, Ahmed S, Chen YK, Feng Y, Wenyu Y (2019) Optimum leaf excision increases the biomass accumulation and seed yield of maize plants under different planting patterns. Ann Appl Biol 175:54–68
Rietveld MR (1978) A new method for estimating the regression coefficients in the formula relating solar radiation to sunshine. Agric Meteorol 19(2/3):243–252
Shang SS, Lian LZ, Ma T, Zhang K, Han T (2018) Spatiotemporal variation of temperature and precipitation in northwest Chian in recent 54 years. Arid Zone Res 35(1):68–76
Shi JC, Wu X, Wang XY, Zhang M, Han L, Zhang WJ, Liu W, Zuo Q, Wu XG, Zhang HF, Ben-Gal A (2020) Determining threshold values for root-soil water weighted plant water deficit index based smart irrigation. Agric Water Manag 230:105979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.105979
Smith M (1992) CROPWAT – a computer program for irrigation planning and management, Irrigation and Drainage Pap. 46, Food and Agriculture and Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Tao F, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Rötter RP (2014) Maize growing duration was prolonged across China in the past three decades under the combined effects of temperature, agronomic management, and cultivar shift. Glob Chang Biol 20(12):3686–3699
Thornthwaite CW (1948) An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geogr Rev 38:55–94
Wang PT (2018) Study on the spatial-temporal statistical law and risk management of drought disaster in Northwest China. Doctoral Dissertation, Shaanxi Normal University
Wang Y, Tao H, Tian B, Sheng D, Xu C, Zhou H, Huang S, Wang P (2019) Flowering dynamics, pollen, and pistil contribution to grain yield in response to high temperature during maize flowering. Environ Exp Bot 158:80–88
Yang D, Xiong W, Xu YL, Feng LZ, Zhang MT, Liu H (2017) Analysis of reason for recent slowing maize yield increase under climate change in China. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng 33(Supp. 1):231–238
Ye Q, Lin X, Adee E, Min D, Assefa Mulisa Y, O'Brien D, Ciampitti IA (2017) Evaluation of climatic variables as yield-limiting factors for maize in Kansas. Int J Climatol 37:464–475
Žalud Z, Hlavinka P, Prokeš K, Semerádová D, Balek J, Trnka M (2017) Impacts of water availability and drought on maize yield – a comparison of 16 indicators. Agric Water Manag 188:126–135
Zhang Q, Zhang CJ, Bai HZ, Li L, Sun LD, Liu DX, Wang JS, Zhao HY (2010) New development of climate change in Northwest China and its impact on arid environment. J Arid Meteorol 28(1):1–7
Zhang Q, Chen LH, Wang RY, Xiao GJ, Li Y, Deng ZY, Wang HL, Zhao H (2012a) Climate change and food, food safety in northwest China. J Arid Meteorol 30(4):509–513
Zhang Q, Wang RY, Deng ZY (2012b) Effects of arid climate change on agriculture and ecology in northwest China and countermeasures. China Meteorological Press, Beijing, pp 136–191 442–462
Zhang Z, Chen Y, Wang P, Zhang S, Tao F, Liu X (2014) Spatial and temporal changes of agro-meteorological disasters affecting maize production in China since 1990. Nat Hazards 71(3):2087–2100
Zhang XY, Yao YB, Yang JH, Li WJ, Lei J, Niu HY (2017a) Characteristic and countermeasures of climate warming and its impacts on agriculture in Northwest China. Ecol Environ Sci 26(9):1514–1520
Zhang Q, Wang Z, Miao F, Wang G (2017b) Dryland maize yield and water-use efficiency responses to mulching and tillage practices. Agron J 109(4):1196–1209
Zhang F, Zhang W, Qi J, Li FM (2018) A regional evaluation of plastic file mulching for improving crop yields on the Loess Plateau of China. Agric For Meteorol 248:458–468
Zhao JC (2019) Assessment on water supply security in China under climate change. Doctoral Dissertation, East China Normal University
Zheng YP, Li RQ, Guo LL, Hao LH, Zhou HR, Li F, Peng ZP, Cheng DJ, Xu M (2018) Temperature responses of photosynthesis and respiration of maize (Zea mays) plants to experimental warming. Russ J Plant Physiol 65:524–531
Zhou J, Wang C, Zhang H, Dong F, Zheng X, Gale W, Li S (2011) Effect of water saving management practices and nitrogen fertilizer rate on crop yield and water use efficiency in a winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Field Crop Res 122:157–163
Zhou MZ, Zhou GS, Lv XM, Zhou L, Ji YH (2019) Projection of temperature and precipitation changes over China under global warming of 1.5 and 2°C. Acta Meteorologica Sinica 77(4):728–744
Zhu P, Jin Z, Zhuang Q, Ciais P, Bernacchi C, Wang X, Makowski D, Lobell D (2018) The important but weakening maize yield benefit of grain filling prolongation in the US Midwest. Glob Chang Biol 24(10):4718–4730
Zong YF, Yang XQ, Ji RP, Zhang GL (2013) Influence of temperature changes on the seedling emergence rate of maize in sowing date. Chin Agric Sci Bull 29(9):70–74
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the China Crop Farming Information Network of the Ministry of Agriculture, which provided the maize planting data. The authors also thank the many students at Lanzhou University who provided assistance with data management. Finally, the authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.
Funding
This study is financially supported by the NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China) (Grant Nos. 41605089 and 41630426), the innovation team from the Institute of Arid Meteorology (Team No. GHSCXTD-2020-2), and the Arid Meteorological Science Research Foundation of China Meteorological Administration (Grant No. IAM201802, IAM201806).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Y., Wang, C. & Zhang, Q. Synergistic effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield in the east of Northwest China against the background of climate change. Theor Appl Climatol 143, 1017–1033 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03457-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03457-0