Abstract
In this study, the sensitivities of surface air temperatures to anthropogenic heat (AH) were investigated in downtowns of the two Japanese major cities, Tokyo and Osaka. First, meteorological measurements were made with the simultaneous monitoring of electricity demand in a contrastive couple of a downtown commercial area (C-area) and a residential area (R-area) within each city in summer 2007. From the measurements, the areal-mean surface air temperatures were obtained as \( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{C}} \) and \( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{R}} \) for each of the C-area and R-area, respectively. Using the actual electricity demand and the estimated motor fuels consumption, their areal total was evaluated as the energy-consumption-basis AH. The estimated C-areas' AH indicated greater values up to 220 W/m2 on weekdays and remarkable decrease about by half on weekends, whereas that in the R-areas showed less values of 10–20 W/m2 stably. Then, \( {\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{C}}-{\overline{T}}_{\mathrm{R}} \) on calm and fine days were found to be systematically decreased from weekdays to weekends in both cities roughly indicating a proportional relationship with the reductions in the C-areas' AH on weekends. The result suggested a common afternoon sensitivity for both C-areas of around 1.0°C/100 W/m2, which indicated an intensity of the AH impact on surface air temperature there. Next, to simulate the observed AH impact, the authors' CM-BEM (a multilayer urban canopy model coupled with a building energy model) was newly implemented in the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WMF) model. This new system, WRF-CM-BEM, was applied to Tokyo and almost reasonably validated from the aspects of the reproducibility of urban surface air temperature and electricity demand in the observation areas. The simulations also suggested that WRF-CM-BEM underestimated the observed air temperature sensitivity to AH in the Tokyo C-area roughly by half but still in the same order of magnitude.
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Acknowledgement
We thank Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. and Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. for their kind cooperation through provision of the electricity demand data in our observation areas in Tokyo and Osaka. We also appreciate the support by Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection for providing surface air temperature records at METROS sites.
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Kikegawa, Y., Tanaka, A., Ohashi, Y. et al. Observed and simulated sensitivities of summertime urban surface air temperatures to anthropogenic heat in downtown areas of two Japanese Major Cities, Tokyo and Osaka. Theor Appl Climatol 117, 175–193 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0996-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0996-8