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The role of immune and inflammatory-related indicators in cognitive dysfunction and disease severity in patients with parkinson’s disease

  • Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Original Article
  • Published:
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Abstract

We aimed to explore the role of immune and inflammatory indicators in cognitive dysfunction and disease severity in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A total of 123 patients with Parkinson's disease were enrolled in the PD group and 49 healthy volunteers in the control group. The patients with PD were further divided into 2 subgroups by evaluating cognitive function using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): the normal cognitive function (PD-NCI) group and the mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) group. Moreover, the PD patients were also divided into 2 subgroups using the defined scale of the Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) stage: the early-stage group and the middle- and late-stage group. Immune and inflammatory indicators, including serum Aβ1−42, Tau, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, B lymphocytes cell, NK cell, Th17 cell, Treg cell, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α levels, were evaluated and analyzed to explore the potential correlation with the cognitive dysfunction and disease severity of PD. Among the 123 PD patients, 60 (48.8%) were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. Aβ1−42, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, and Treg levels observed in the PD-NCI group were lower than the control group (P < 0.001), while higher than the PD-MCI group (P < 0.001). The levels of Tau, Th17, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α observed in the PD-NCI group were higher than the control group (P < 0.001), while lower than in the PD-MCI group (P < 0.01). Using the same method, the results of the early-stage group and the middle- and the late-stage group were the same as above. Logistic regression analysis and ROC curve estimation were performed and indicated that the variation of Tau, CD8+, Treg, TNF-α levels was associated with cognitive decline in PD patients, and may serve as markers of PD onset. Furthermore, the variation of Aβ1−42, IL-6, and TNF-α levels was found to correlate with the disease severity of PD. The immune and inflammatory-related indicators may represent an important factor in the pathogenesis of PD, cognitive dysfunction, and disease severity. The variation of Tau protein, CD8+, Treg, and TNF-α levels are associated with the cognitive dysfunction of PD, which may be considered as onset markers. Moreover, the variation of Aβ1−42, IL-6, and TNF-α levels can predict the progression of PD.

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Data availability

Data available on request from the authors.

Abbreviations

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

LED:

Levodopa equivalent doses

H-Y:

Hoehn and yahr scale

MoCA:

Montreal cognitive assessment

MMSE:

Mini-mental state examination

HAMD:

Hamilton depression scale

HAMA:

Hamilton anxiety scale

ROC:

Receiver operator characteristic

AUC:

Area under curve

DA:

Dopaminergic

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

LRP-1:

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein-1

RAGE:

Receptor of advanced glycation endproducts

APP:

Amyloid-β precursor protein

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Funding

The National Natural Science Foundation of China, 81671270, Weifeng Luo, Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project, SS2019060, Weifeng Luo.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu Province, China

    Xudong Zhao & Weifeng Luo

  2. Department of General Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China

    Xudong Zhao, Lei Li & Beibei Gao

  3. Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu Province, China

    Xiuping Ma

  4. Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China

    Yang Li

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  1. Xudong Zhao
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Correspondence to Weifeng Luo.

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Zhao, X., Li, L., Ma, X. et al. The role of immune and inflammatory-related indicators in cognitive dysfunction and disease severity in patients with parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 131, 13–24 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-023-02704-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-023-02704-8

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