Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme and kallikrein gene polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia

  • Published:
Journal of Neural Transmission Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary.

Lipoproteins and vascular factors may play roles in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and/or vascular dementia (VaD). In this study, odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for apolipoprotein E (APOE), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and kallikrein (KLK1) polymorphisms were computed to test their association with the disease by a case-control study. The risk of AD was significantly increased for individuals with APOE ɛ4 allele (OR = 3.73, 95% CI = 2.38–5.98). The risk of AD was also significant for people with ACE DD genotype, D allele, or T-D haplotype [OR (95% CI) = 4.29 (1.96–10.23), 1.90 (1.35–2.70), or 2.91 (1.71–5.10), respectively]. The above association between ACE-VaD was also strong (p = 0.0012, 0.0050, 0.0007, respectively). Reporter constructs containing the −240 A or T allele displayed similar transcriptional activity in both HEK-293 and IMR-32 cells. Thus, another putative pathogenic marker that is linked with the Alu D allele might affect the risk of AD and VaD in Taiwan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • P Amouyel F Richard D Cottel C Amant V Codron N Helbecque (1996) ArticleTitleThe deletion allele of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene as a genetic susceptibility factor for cognitive impairment Neurosci Lett 217 203–205 Occurrence Handle8916108 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XmslGns7k%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0304-3940(96)13092-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OY Bang YT Kwak IS Joo K Huh (2003) ArticleTitleImportant link between dementia subtype and apolipoprotein E: a meta-analysis Yonsei Med J 44 401–413 Occurrence Handle12833577 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvF2ktLc%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Barley A Blockwood ND Carter (1994) ArticleTitleAngiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism. Association with ethnic origin J Hypertens 12 955–957 Occurrence Handle7814855 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqC3Mvjs1M%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KD Bhoola CD Figueroa K Worthy (1992) ArticleTitleBioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases Pharmacol Rev 44 1–80 Occurrence Handle1313585 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XktVSqtLw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Buss T Muller-Thomsen C Hock A Alberici G Binetti RM Nitsch A Gal U Finckh (2002) ArticleTitleNo association between DCP1 genotype and late-onset Alzheimer disease Am J Med Genet 114 440–445 Occurrence Handle11992568 Occurrence Handle10.1002/ajmg.10306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Cacabelos (2004) ArticleTitleGenomic characterization of Alzheimer’s disease and genotype-related phenotypic analysis of biological markers in dementia Pharmacogenomics 5 1049–1105 Occurrence Handle15584876 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmt1Ggsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1517/14622416.5.8.1049

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Cambien O Poirier L Lecerf A Evans JP Cambou D Arveiler G Luc JM Bard L Bara S Ricard L Tiret P Amouyel F Alhenc-Gelas F Soubrier (1992) ArticleTitleDeletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial infarction Nature 359 641–644 Occurrence Handle1328889 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XmtlWgu7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/359641a0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Catto AM Carter JH Barrett M Stickland J Bamford JA Davies PJ Grant (1996) ArticleTitleAngiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and cerebrovascular disease Stroke 27 435–440 Occurrence Handle8610309 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymC2sros1Y%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Chapman N Wang TA Treves AD Korczyn NM Bornstein (1998) ArticleTitleACE, MTHFR, factor V Leiden, and APOE polymorphisms in patients with vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia Stroke 29 1401–1404 Occurrence Handle9660395 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksFKqurw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CY Cheng CJ Hong HC Liu TY Liu SJ Tsai (2002) ArticleTitleStudy of the association between Alzheimer’s disease and angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism using DNA from lymphocytes Eur Neurol 47 26–29 Occurrence Handle11803189 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtFGisA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000047943

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Clements J Hooper Y Dong T Harvey (2001) ArticleTitleThe expanded human kallikrein (KLK) gene family: genomic organization, tissue-specific expression and potential functions Biol Chem 382 5–14 Occurrence Handle11258672 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXitFGqu7k%3D Occurrence Handle10.1515/BC.2001.002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EH Corder AM Saunders WJ Strittmatter DE Schmechel PC Gaskell GW Small AD Roses JL Haines MA Pericak-Vance (1993) ArticleTitleGene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families Science 261 921–923 Occurrence Handle8346443 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmtVWjur8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Duara WW Barker R Lopez-Alberola DA Loewenstein LB Grau D Gilchrist S Sevush S St George-Hyslop (1996) ArticleTitleAlzheimer’s disease: interaction of apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of dementia, gender, education, ethnicity, and age of onset Neurology 46 1575–1579 Occurrence Handle8649551 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymB2cfpslQ%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JS Elkins VC Douglas SC Johnston (2004) ArticleTitleAlzheimer disease risk and genetic variation in ACE: a meta-analysis Neurology 62 363–368 Occurrence Handle14872014 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXlvFWntA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LA Farrer LA Cupples JL Haines B Hyman WA Kukull R Mayeux RH Myers MA Pericak-Vance N Risch CM van Duijn (1997) ArticleTitleEffects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium JAMA 278 1349–1356 Occurrence Handle9343467 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FgtFKgsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.278.16.1349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LA Farrer T Sherbatich SA Keryanov GI Korovaitseva EA Rogaeva S Petruk S Premkumar Y Moliaka YQ Song Y Pei C Sato ND Selezneva S Voskresenskaya V Golimbet S Sorbi R Duara S Gavrilova PH George-Hyslop EI Rogaev (2000) ArticleTitleAssociation between angiotensin-converting enzyme and Alzheimer disease Arch Neurol 57 210–214 Occurrence Handle10681079 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ktleitg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1001/archneur.57.2.210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HC Fung CM Chen YR Wu WC Hsu LS Ro JC Lin KH Chang HK Wang SJ Lin H Chan YY Lin SL Wei Y Hsu JC Hwang LC Tung GJ Lee-Chen (2005) ArticleTitleHeat shock protein 70 and tumor necrosis factor-α in Taiwanese patients with dementia Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 20 1–7 Occurrence Handle15832029 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkvVOnsrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000085067

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Hardy (1997) ArticleTitleAmyloid, the presenilins and Alzheimer’s disease Trends Neurosci 20 154–159 Occurrence Handle9106355 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitVKnt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01030-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WG Hill (1974) ArticleTitleEstimation of linkage disequilibrium in randomly mating populations Hereity 33 229–239 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSqD2sjivVA%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MC Hsieh SR Lin TJ Hsieh CH Hsu HC Chen SJ Shin JH Tsai (2000) ArticleTitleIncreased frequency of angiotensin-converting enzyme DD genotype in patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 1008–1013 Occurrence Handle10862639 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltFOlurs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/ndt/15.7.1008

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HM Huang YM Kuo HC Ou CC Lin LJ Chuo (2002) ArticleTitleApolipoprotein E polymorphism in various dementias in Taiwan Chinese population J Neural Transm 109 1415–1421 Occurrence Handle12454737 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovF2jtr0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00702-002-0751-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Kalman A Juhasz A Csaszar A Kanka A Rimanoczy Z Janka I Rasko (1998) ArticleTitleIncreased apolipoprotein E4 allele frequency is associated with vascular dementia in the Hungarian population Acta Neurol Scand 98 166–168 Occurrence Handle9786612 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FgtVGqtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Kario N Kanai K Saito N Nago T Matsuo K Shimada (1996) ArticleTitleIschemic stroke and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme in Japanese hypertensives Circulation 93 1630–1633 Occurrence Handle8653866 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymB3cjntVA%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Kawamata S Tanaka S Shimohama K Ueda J Kimura (1994) ArticleTitleApolipoprotein E polymorphism in Japanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57 1414–1416 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqD2Mvht1c%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Keavney CA McKenzie JM Connell C Julier PJ Ratcliffe E Sobel M Lathrop M Farrall (1998) ArticleTitleMeasured haplotype analysis of the angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene Hum Mol Genet 7 1745–1751 Occurrence Handle9736776 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmsVOgtL4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1093/hmg/7.11.1745

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PG Kehoe C Russ S McIlory H Williams P Holmans C Holmes D Liolitsa D Vahidassr J Powell B McGleenon M Liddell R Plomin K Dynan N Williams J Neal NJ Cairns G Wilcock P Passmore S Lovestone J Williams MJ Owen (1999) ArticleTitleVariation in DCP1, encoding ACE, is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer disease Nat Genet 21 71–72 Occurrence Handle9916793 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltlSquw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/5009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Kivipelto EL Helkala T Hanninen MP Laakso M Hallikainen K Alhainen H Soininen J Tuomilehto A Nissinen (2001) ArticleTitleMidlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study Neurology 56 1683–1689 Occurrence Handle11425934 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzmsFaqug%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Kivipelto EL Helkala MP Laakso T Hanninen M Hallikainen K Alhainen S Iivonen A Mannermaa J Tuomilehto A Nissinen H Soininen (2002) ArticleTitleApolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease Ann Intern Med 137 149–155 Occurrence Handle12160362 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmsFWrtbk%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Kolsch F Jessen N Freymann M Kreis F Hentschel W Maier R Heun (2005) ArticleTitleACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease but not of vascular dementia Neurosci Lett 377 37–39 Occurrence Handle15722183 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhslCitrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CL Lai CT Tai SR Lin RT Lin YH Yang CK Liu (2003) ArticleTitleApolipoprotein E in Taiwan Chinese patients with dementia Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 16 208–211 Occurrence Handle14512715 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnsF2ns7s%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000072804

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GJ Lee-Chen KP Liu YC Lai HS Juang SY Huang CY Lin (2004) ArticleTitleSignificance of the tissue kallikrein promoter and transforming growth factor-β1 polymorphisms with renal progression in children with vesicoureteral reflux Kidney Int 65 1467–1472 Occurrence Handle15086490 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjtF2jsL4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00526.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Levene (1949) ArticleTitleOn a matching problem in genetics Ann Math Stat 20 91–94

    Google Scholar 

  • KP Liu CY Lin HJ Chen CF Wei GJ Lee-Chen (2004) ArticleTitleRenin-angiotensin system polymorphisms in Taiwanese primary vesicoureteral reflux Pediatr Nephrol 19 594–601 Occurrence Handle15045574 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00467-003-1379-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • HS Margolis R Geller JJ Pisano A Sjoerdsma (1971) ArticleTitleAltered urinary kallikrein excretion in human hypertension Lancet ii 1063–1065 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(71)90382-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DB Marin B Breuer ML Marin J Silverman J Schmeidler D Greenberg S Flynn M Mare M Lantz L Libow R Neufeld L Altstiel KL Davis RC Mohs (1998) ArticleTitleThe relationship between apolipoprotein E, dementia, and vascular illness Atherosclerosis 140 173–180 Occurrence Handle9733229 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXks1KktLk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00105-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HS Markus J Barley R Lunt JM Bland S Jeffery ND Carter MM Brown (1995) ArticleTitleAngiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion polymorphism: a new risk factor for lacunar stroke but not carotid atheroma Stroke 26 1329–1333 Occurrence Handle7631331 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqA2Mjot1Q%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G McKhann D Drachman M Folstein R Katzman D Price EM Stadlan (1984) ArticleTitleClinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under auspices of department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease Neurology 34 934–944

    Google Scholar 

  • AE Molero G Pino-Ramirez GE Maestre (2001) ArticleTitleModulation by age and gender of risk for Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia associated with the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele in Latin Americans: findings from the Maracaibo Aging Study Neurosci Lett 307 5–8 Occurrence Handle11516561 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksVGltLY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01911-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BJ Morris RY Zee AP Schrader (1994) ArticleTitleDifferent frequencies of angiotensin-converting enzyme genotypes in older hypertensive individuals J Clin Invest 94 1085–1089 Occurrence Handle8083349 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuA28rhslE%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y Narain A Yip T Murphy C Brayne D Easton JG Evans J Xuereb N Cairns MM Esiri RA Furlong DC Rubinsztein (2000) ArticleTitleThe ACE gene and Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility J Med Genet 37 695–697 Occurrence Handle10978362 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnt12rtLw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1136/jmg.37.9.695

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Nalbantoglu BM Gilfix P Bertrand Y Robitaille S Gauthier DS Rosenblatt J Poirier (1994) ArticleTitlePredictive value of apolipoprotein E genotyping in Alzheimer’s disease: results of an autopsy series and an analysis of several combined studies Ann Neurol 36 889–895 Occurrence Handle7998776 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjsVehsrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/ana.410360614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Palumbo D Cadini G Nocentini E Filipponi ML Fravolini U Senin (1999) ArticleTitleAngiotensin converting enzyme deletion allele in different kinds of dementia disorders Neurosci Lett 267 97–100 Occurrence Handle10400221 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjslCjt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00329-8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Richard C Berr C Amant N Helbecque P Amouyel A Alperovitch (2000) ArticleTitleEffect of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism on cognitive decline. The EVA Study Group Neurobiol Aging 21 75–80 Occurrence Handle10794851 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXivVGmsL4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0197-4580(99)00102-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • F Richard I Fromentin-David F Ricolfi P Ducimetiere C Di Menza P Amouyel N Helbecque (2001) ArticleTitleThe angiotensin I converting enzyme gene as a susceptibility factor for dementia Neurology 56 1593–1595 Occurrence Handle11402126 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvVOlsbg%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Rigat C Hubert F Alhenc-Gelas F Cambien P Corvol F Soubrier (1990) ArticleTitleAn insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels J Clin Invest 86 1343–1346 Occurrence Handle1976655 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmt1Gmt7s%3D Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI114844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GC Roman TK Tatemichi T Erkinjuntti JL Cummings JC Masdeu JH Garcia L Amaducci JM Orgogozo A Brun A Hofman DM Moody MD O’Brien T Yamaguchi J Grafman BP Drayer DA Bennett M Fisher J Ogata E Kokmen F Bermejo PA Wolf PB Gorelick KL Bick AK Pajeau MA Bell C DeCarli A Culebras AD Korczyn J Bogousslavsky A Hartmann P Scheinberg (1993) ArticleTitleVascular dementia. Diagnostic criteria for research studies: report of the NINDS-AIREN international workshop Neurology 43 250–260 Occurrence Handle8094895 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyC2szivFc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000154139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Scacchi L De Bernardini E Mantuano T Vilardo LM Donini M Ruggeri AT Gemma R Pascone RM Corbo (1998) ArticleTitleDNA polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B and angiotensin I-converting enzyme genes and relationships with lipid levels in Italian patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 9 186–190 Occurrence Handle9681639 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXksFahtLs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000017045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Sharma ND Carter J Barley MM Brown (1994) ArticleTitleMolecular approach to assessing the genetic risk of cerebral infarction: deletion polymorphism in the gene encoding angiotensin 1-converting enzyme J Hum Hypertens 8 645–648 Occurrence Handle7990103 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqD1c7pvVU%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AJ Slooter MX Tang CM van Duijn Y Stern A Ott K Bell MM Breteler C Van Broeckhoven TK Tatemichi B Tycko A Hofman R Mayeux (1997) ArticleTitleApolipoprotein E epsilon4 and the risk of dementia with stroke. A population-based investigation JAMA 277 818–821 Occurrence Handle9052712 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiB3critVw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.277.10.818

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Q Song J Chao L Chao (1997) ArticleTitleDNA polymorphisms in the 5′-flanking region of the human tissue kallikrein gene Hum Genet 99 727–734 Occurrence Handle9187664 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjvVCrtbY%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • E Villard L Tiret S Visvikis R Rakotovao F Cambien F Soubrier (1996) ArticleTitleIdentification of new polymorphisms of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, and study of their relationship to plasma ACE levels by two-QTL segregation-linkage analysis Am J Hum Genet 58 1268–1278 Occurrence Handle8651305 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjslaktL8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HY Yang SC Yang JR Chen YH Tzeng BC Han (2000) ArticleTitleAssociation between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and late onset Alzheimer’s disease in Han Chinese Neurosci Lett 295 41–44 Occurrence Handle11078932 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotVCktLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01591-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh FC, Boyle T (1997) Population genetic analysis of codominant and dominant markers and quantitative traits. Belgian J Botang 129–157

  • H Yu Q Song BI Freedman J Chao L Chao SS Rich DW Bowden (2002) ArticleTitleAssociation of the tissue kallikrein gene promoter with ESRD and hypertension Kidney Int 61 1030–1039 Occurrence Handle11849458 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xit1agu7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00198.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RY Zee YK Lou LR Griffiths BJ Morris (1992) ArticleTitleAssociation of a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension Biochem Biophys Res Commun 184 9–15 Occurrence Handle1314601 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xitlejt78%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0006-291X(92)91150-O

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Zuliani A Ble’ R Zanca MR Munari A Zurlo C Vavalle AR Atti R Fellin (2001) ArticleTitleGenetic polymorphisms in older subjects with vascular or Alzheimer’s dementia Acta Neurol Scand 103 304–308 Occurrence Handle11328206 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjvVyiurk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0404.2001.103005304.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan

    H. K. Wang, Y. Hsu, S. Y. Huang & G. J. Lee-Chen

  2. Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    H. C. Fung, W. C. Hsu, Y. R. Wu, J. C. Lin, L. S. Ro, K. H. Chang, F. J. Hwu & C. M. Chen

Authors
  1. H. K. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. C. Fung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. C. Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Y. R. Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. C. Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. L. S. Ro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. K. H. Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. F. J. Hwu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Y. Hsu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. S. Y. Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. G. J. Lee-Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. C. M. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

The first and second authors participated equally to the study

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, H., Fung, H., Hsu, W. et al. Apolipoprotein E, angiotensin-converting enzyme and kallikrein gene polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. J Neural Transm 113, 1499–1509 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0424-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-005-0424-z

Search

Navigation