References
Afshar F, Watkins ES, Yap JC (1978) Stereotaxic atlas of the human brainstem and cerebellar nuclei: a variability study. Raven, New York
Aviles-Olmos I, Foltynie T, Panicker J, Cowie D, Limousin P, Hariz M, Fowler CJ, Zrinzo L (2011) Urinary incontinence following deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 153:2357–2360
Blok BF, Willemsen AT, Holstege G (1997) A PET study on brain control of micturition in humans. Brain J Neurol 120(Pt 1):111–121
Chaudhuri KR, Schapira AH (2009) Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: dopaminergic pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Neurol 8:464–474
Ferraye MU, Debu B, Fraix V, Goetz L, Ardouin C, Yelnik J, Henry-Lagrange C, Seigneuret E, Piallat B, Krack P, Le Bas JF, Benabid AL, Chabardes S, Pollak P (2010) Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson's disease. Brain 133:205–214
Galati S, Scarnati E, Mazzone P, Stanzione P, Stefani A (2008) Deep brain stimulation promotes excitation and inhibition in subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 19:661–666
Holl EM, Petersen EA, Foltynie T, Martinez-Torres I, Limousin P, Hariz MI, Zrinzo L (2010) Improving targeting in image-guided frame-based deep brain stimulation. Neurosurgery 67:437–447
Khan S, Mooney L, Plaha P, Javed S, White P, Whone AL, Gill SS (2011) Outcomes from stimulation of the caudal zona incerta and pedunculopontine nucleus in patients with Parkinson's disease. Br J Neurosurg 25:273–280
Macht M, Kaussner Y, Moller JC, Stiasny-Kolster K, Eggert KM, Kruger HP, Ellgring H (2007) Predictors of freezing in Parkinson's disease: a survey of 6,620 patients. Mov Disord 22:953–956
Mazzone P, Sposato S, Insola A, Dilazzaro V, Scarnati E (2008) Stereotactic surgery of nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontine. Br J Neurosurg 22(Suppl 1):S33–40
Moro E, Hamani C, Poon YY, Al-Khairallah T, Dostrovsky JO, Hutchison WD, Lozano AM (2010) Unilateral pedunculopontine stimulation improves falls in Parkinson's disease. Brain 133:215–224
Paxinos G, Huang X-F (1995) Atlas of the human brainstem. Academic, San Diego
Schaltenbrand G, Wahren W (1977) Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain. Thieme Stuttgart
Stefani A, Lozano AM, Peppe A, Stanzione P, Galati S, Tropepi D, Pierantozzi M, Brusa L, Scarnati E, Mazzone P (2007) Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei in severe Parkinson's disease. Brain 130:1596–1607
Yelnik J (2007) PPN or PPD, what is the target for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease? Brain 130:e79, author reply e80
Zrinzo L, Yoshida F, Hariz MI, Thornton J, Foltynie T, Yousry TA, Limousin P (2011) Clinical safety of brain magnetic resonance imaging with implanted deep brain stimulation hardware: large case series and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 76:164–172, discussion 169-173
Zrinzo L, Zrinzo LV, Hariz M (2007) The pedunculopontine and peripeduncular nuclei: a tale of two structures. Brain 130:e73, author reply e74
Zrinzo L, Zrinzo LV, Tisch S, Limousin PD, Yousry TA, Afshar F, Hariz MI (2008) Stereotactic localization of the human pedunculopontine nucleus: atlas-based coordinates and validation of a magnetic resonance imaging protocol for direct localization. Brain 131:1588–1598
Zrinzo L, Zrinzo LV, Massey LA, Thornton J, Parkes HG, White M, Yousry TA, Strand C, Revesz T, Limousin P, Hariz MI, Holton JL (2011) Targeting of the pedunculopontine nucleus by an MRI-guided approach: a cadaver study. J Neural Transm 118:1487-1495
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aviles-Olmos, I., Foltynie, T., Panicker, J. et al. Uncertainty, misunderstanding and the pedunculopontine nucleus. Acta Neurochir 154, 839–841 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-012-1315-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-012-1315-3