Bilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulae: Strategies for endovascular treatment

Summary

Background. Most traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula/e (TCCF) are unilateral, and simultaneous bilateral TCCF are uncommon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the angiographic architecture of bilateral TCCF and report our experience with their endovascular management.

Method. Over 15 years, 252 consecutive patients with TCCF were referred to our institute for endovascular treatment. Bilateral TCCF occurred in 5 men and 2 women with a mean age of 31 years. The angiographic architectures of bilateral TCCF were evaluated with cerebral angiography. All patients underwent a single session of transarterial embolisation by using various permanent embolic materials and were followed up clinically or with angiography for a mean of 22 months (range 9–16 months).

Findings. All patients presented with neuro-ophthalmic symptoms and signs. No new instances of cerebrovascular ischemia or intracranial haematoma resulted from bilateral TCCF. All fistulae were associated with partial arterial steal and were successfully occluded by using a detachable balloon and/or a detachable coil with or without a liquid adhesive. Of 14 TCCF, 9 were completely obliterated with preserved flow of the internal carotid artery (ICA). In the other 5 fistulae, the ICA had to be sacrificed to achieve occlusion because the anatomy of the fistula was complex. All fistula related symptoms resolved immediately or gradually during clinical follow up. No clinically significant procedure related neurological complications or recurrent fistulae were observed.

Conclusions. All bilateral TCCF were associated with a partial arterial steal phenomenon. Single session endovascular treatment using various embolic materials was effective in managing these high-flow fistulae. In all patients, it was possible to preserve one or both ICAs.