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Floral morphology and development in Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae), a predominantly rainforest tree genus with contrasting flower architectures

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Abstract

Comparative studies of floral development and morphology have largely contributed to the understanding of taxonomic classification, phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trends across many angiosperm clades, particularly in the florally diverse family Leguminosae (alternatively Fabaceae). This study aimed to characterize the middle to late stages of floral development and morphological variation of the caesalpinioid genus Tachigali, an evolutionary radiation of predominantly neotropical rainforest trees. Floral buds and flowers of five representative species from Tachigali were analyzed under stereo microscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate informative morphological and developmental characters. Although the genus displays relatively small flowers measuring up to 14 mm long, they are variable in terms of symmetry, structure and size, which have influenced the main taxonomic subdivisions among the species. Here, we show that the floral architecture of Tachigali involves a double whorl of stamens, anthers with dome-shaped connective extension and monosymmetrical hypanthium, owing to the unequal development of its wall at different stages of the floral ontogeny. Such developmental patterns are likely new diagnostic floral characters of Tachigali in the context of the early diverging caesalpinioid clades and reaffirm the circumscription of the genus in order to include the species previously classified within Sclerolobium.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is part of the first author’s MSc. thesis prepared for the postgraduate program of the Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden and supported by a grant from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. We thank Dr. Vidal Mansano for the contribution to the author’s MSc. thesis and the manuscript, Dr. David Martin for the review of the English grammar and two anonymous reviewers for the detailed comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. DC also thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the Research Productivity Fellowship (process 308244/2018-4) and Prêmio CAPES de Teses (process 23038.009148/2013-19) and FAPESB (process APP0037/2016) for financially supporting his research on legume morphology and systematics.

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  1. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil

    Jamile M. Casanova, Claudia F. Barros, Haroldo C. de Lima & Karen L. G. De Toni

  2. Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s.n., Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil

    Domingos Cardoso

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The electronic supplementary material attached to this manuscript are high-quality images of the floral development from the five Tachigali species analyzed in this study, whorl by whorl, which allows us to better understand their floral architecture.

Online Resource 1. Floral buds at different developmental stages of Tachigali denudata. a Floral buds showing the sepals; b showing the petals with the sepals removed; c showing the androecium with the sepals and petals removed; d the gynoecium with the sepals, petals and androecium removed.

Online Resource 2. Floral buds at different developmental stages of Tachigali paratyensis. a Floral buds showing the sepals; b showing the petals with the sepals removed; c showing the androecium with the sepals and petals removed; d showing the gynoecium with the sepals, petals and androecium removed; arrowheads indicating the projection of the hypanthium wall.

Online Resource 3. Floral buds at different developmental stages of Tachigali beaurepairei. a Floral buds showing the sepals; b showing the petals with sepals removed; c showing the androecium with sepals and petals removed; d showing the gynoecium with sepals, petals and androecium removed; arrowheads indicating the projection of the hypanthium wall.

Online Resource 4. Floral buds at different developmental stages of Tachigali duckei. a Floral buds showing the sepals; b showing the petals with the sepals removed; c showing the androecium with the sepals and petals removed; d showing the gynoecium with the sepals, petals and androecium removed; arrowheads indicating the projection of the hypanthium wall.

Online Resource 5. Floral buds at different developmental stages of Tachigali spathulipetala. a Floral buds showing the sepals; b showing the petals with the sepals removed; c showing the androecium with the sepals and petals removed; d showing the gynoecium with the sepals, petals and androecium removed; arrowheads indicating the projection of the hypanthium wall.

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Casanova, J.M., Cardoso, D., Barros, C.F. et al. Floral morphology and development in Tachigali (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae), a predominantly rainforest tree genus with contrasting flower architectures. Plant Syst Evol 306, 17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01642-2

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