Abstract
To date, the endangered terrestrial orchid Codonorchis canisioi was only known from two collections at its type locality. This plant has not been collected since 1935 and is currently considered as Critically Endangered in the Brazilian list of threatened flora. We recently found two small populations about 174 km from the type locality. We thus seized the opportunity to make a complete record of morphological traits, aiming to fill the gaps of the short and non-illustrated protologue. Plant, flower (including details of column and pollinarium) and fruit features are here illustrated and discussed in detail. Overall, plant and flower features are similar to those of the widespread Patagonian C. lessonii. Yet, both species can be separated by a number of vegetative and floral features. Female Augochlorine Halictidae bees were recorded as pollinators. Fruits mature quickly (15–19 days after pollination). Plants wither by middle October, resting underground as very small (3–5 mm diameter) roundish tubers. The two newly found populations are in privately owned areas and prone to both fire and cattle grazing. Due to the small size of each population (estimated in less than 200 individuals), it is likely that this species would still be considered as CR (Critically Endangered) when formally and properly surveyed under the IUCN criteria. Since plants are small and strongly seasonal, more field surveys are necessary to locate other potentially overlooked populations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Buzatto CR, Sanguinetti A, Romero-González GA, van den Berg C, Singer RB (2014) A taxonomic synopsis of Brazilian Chloraeinae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae). Phytotaxa 158:1–22. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.158.1.1
Correa MN (1969) Orchidaceae. In: Correa MN (ed) Flora Patagonica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, pp 188–209
Correa MN, Sánchez M (2003) Chloraeeae. In: Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, 3: Orchidoideae (part two), Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 5–16
Cribb PJ, Chase M (2003) Codonorchideae. In: Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, 3: Orchidoideae (part two), Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 17–20
Dafni A (1984) Mimicry and deception in pollination. Annual Rev Ecol Syst 15:259–278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355
Dressler RL (1981) The orchids: natural history and classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Dressler RL (1993) Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, Portland
Fernandes I, Baptista LRDM (1987) Levantamento da flora vascular rupestre do Morro Sapucaia e Morro do Cabrito, Rio Grande do Sul. Acta Bot Brasil 1:95–102. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061987000300010
Givnish TJ, Spalink D, Ames M, Lyon SP, Hunter SJ, Zuluaga A, Iles WJD, Clements MA, Arroyo MTK, Leebens-Mack J, Endara L, Kriebel R, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Williams NH, Cameron KM (2015) Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. Proc Roy Soc London, Ser B, Biol Sci 282:20151553. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1553
Hoehne FC (1940) Orchidáceas. In: Hoehne FC (ed) Flora Brasilica 12(1). Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, pp 1–254
Hoehne FC (1949) Iconografia de Orchidáceas do Brasil. Secretaria da Agricultura do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo
IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge
IUCN (2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org/. Accessed 12 Jul 2016
Kustchenko DC (2013) Codonorchis canisioi. In: Martinelli G, Moraes MA (eds) Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
Lindley J (1840) The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. Ridgways, London
Mansfeld R (1936) Eine neue Codonorchis aus Süd-Brasilien. Feddes Repert 39:153–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19360391003
Meijaard E, Nijman V (2014) Secrecy considerations for conserving Lazarus species. Biol Conservation 175:21–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.03.021
Ministério do Meio Ambiente (2014) Portaria 443/2014. Flora ameaçada. Available at: http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?data=18/12/2014&jornal=1&pagina=110&totalArquivos=144/. Accessed 13 Feb 2017
Moore DM (1983) Flora of Tierra del Fuego. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Nimer E (1989) Climatologia do Brasil. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro
Novoa P, Espejo J, Cisternas M, Rubio M, Domínguez E (2015) Guía de Campo de las Orquídeas Chilenas, 2nd edn. Ediciones Corporación Chilena de la Madera, Concepción
Pabst GFJ, Dungs F (1975) Orchidaceae Brasilienses, 1. Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim
Rambo B (1965) Orchidaceae riograndenses. Iheringia, Bot 13:1–96
Rio Grande do Sul (2014) Decreto 52.109, de 2 de dezembro de 2014. Declara as 742 espécies da flora nativa ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Diário Oficial 72(233): 2–11. Available at: http://www.sarandi.rs.gov.br/images/2016/06/DEC52.109/. Accessed 13 Feb 2015
Sanguinetti A, Buzatto CR, Pedron M, Davies KL, Ferreira M de A, Maldonado A, Singer RB (2012) Floral features, pollinators and breeding system of Chloraea membranacea Lindl. (Orchidaceae: Chloraeinae). Ann Bot (Oxford) 110:1607–1621
Sanguinetti A, Buzatto CR, Singer RB (2015) The genus Bipinnula (Orchidaceae: Chloraeinae) in Argentina. Nordic J Bot 33:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.00714
Thiers B (2016) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium, Bronx. Available at: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/. Accessed 20 July 2016
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the land owner for allowing fieldwork in his property. SISBIO-ICMBIO is thanked for providing collection permits. Herbarium curators are thanked for their collaboration. Special thanks are given to the staff of the ICN herbarium for their kind collaboration. Gustavo Romero (Oakes Ames Herbarium, Harvard University) is thanked for sending important bibliography. Lina Caballero Villalobos and Jonas Castro Blanco (both, PPGBOT-UFRGS) are thanked for help during fieldwork. Oscar Adolfo Perdomo Báez (PPGBOT-UFRGS) is thanked for helping with the map.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling Editor: Ricarda Riina.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Information on Electronic Supplementary Material
Information on Electronic Supplementary Material
Online Resource 1. Photograph of the Holotype of Codonorchis canisioi Mansf. (ICN 00033126).
Online Resource 2. Video of the pollination of Codonorchis canisioi Mansf. by Augochlorine sweat bees (Halictidae).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singer, R.B., Buzatto, C.R., Sanguinetti, A. et al. Found again: the extremely rare Codonorchis canisioi (Orchidaceae: Codonorchideae) reappears after being missing for 78 years. Plant Syst Evol 304, 1157–1163 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1538-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1538-8