Abstract
Annona crassiflora (Annonaceae) is a protogynous beetle-pollinated savannah tree species, widely distributed in the savannahs of the Cerrado biome. Studies on the mating system and pollen dispersal of protogynous species are very scarce. Here, we used six microsatellite loci to assess the mating system and pollen dispersal of A. crassiflora in a savannah remnant in Central Brazil. We mapped and sampled leaves of 112 adult trees and collected 74 fruits from 20 mother trees (1–4 fruits per plant) to obtain the seeds used (460) for mating system and parentage analyses. Annona crassiflora has predominantly allogamous mating systems, with a high multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.974, SE = 0.011) that did not differ among mother trees (F = 1.32, p = 0.165). However, tm–ts was variable among seed trees, indicating that some seeds were produced by mating among relatives. Our results also showed multiple paternity within fruits. Multilocus correlation of outcrossed paternity was high (rp = 0.302, SE = 0.045), indicating that for each mother tree, the probability that the same pollen donor sired two random sibs was 30.2%, and the mean number of pollen donors per mother tree was high (6.3). We detected a maximum pollen dispersal distance of 360.7 m and an average of 124.3 m (SD = 80 m), but most pollination events (73%) occurred at shorter distances (< 160 m), indicating short-distance pollen dispersal, most likely due to the pollinator behaviour.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from CNPq (Projects No. 564717/2010-0, 563727/2010-1, 563624/2010-8; 563839/2010-4 and Universal/CNPq 473277/2012-3). EBAJ and DFN received fellowships from CAPES. We thank Ludymila Guedes and Sara Gondim for support during sampling and genotyping. TNS, MPCT, RGC and LJC have continuously been supported by CNPq and CAPES Grants and fellowships, which we gratefully acknowledge. Field work for these projects has been continuously supported by Systema Naturae for Environmental Consultant. Current research is developed in the context of National Institutes for Science and Technology (INCT) in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, supported by MCTIC/CNpq (Proc. 465610/2014-5) and FAPEG.
Funding
This study was funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Projects No. 564717/2010-0, 563727/2010-1, 563624/2010-8; 563839/2010-4 and Universal/CNPq 473277/2012-3).
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Online Resource 1. Sensitivity analyses of paternity assignment of Annona crassiflora Mart. under different proportions of pollen-donor sampled for both 95% and 85% confidence.
Online Resource 2. Sensitivity analyses of Δ threshold for paternity assignment of Annona crassiflora Mart. under different proportions of pollen-donor sampled for both 95% and 85% confidence.
Online Resource 3. Differentiation between of allelic frequencies of the “pool” pollen and ovum by FST values per locus, degree of freedom (DF), χ2 each test and p values associated the assumption of homogeneity of allele frequencies between male and female gametes of Annona crassiflora from natural population of Vila Propício, Goiás, Brazil.
Online Resource 4. Paternity assigment of seeds per mother tree of Annona crassiflora Mart. population from Brazilian Cerrado.
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de Almeida-Júnior, E.B., Collevatti, R.G., Telles, M.P.d. et al. Short-distance pollen dispersal in a protogynous Annonaceae tree species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Plant Syst Evol 304, 1091–1099 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1534-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1534-z