Abstract
Pollen grains of species of the subgenera of Cybianthus s.l. were analyzed in order to determine if pollen morphology is consistent with the currently accepted infrageneric classification, and if it can provide characters useful for distinguishing species or groups of species. Acetolyzed pollen grains were analyzed, measured, described and photomicrographed, while non-acetolyzed pollen grains were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains of all species investigated were isopolar monads, small- to medium-sized, subprolate or prolate, 3-colporate, and rugulate or rugulate-perforate. The different analytical methods (statistical analyses, exploratory analysis of the data and cluster analysis) used demonstrated that pollen morphology is informative in delimiting this genus. However, the pollen characters are generally quite uniform among the subgenres of Cybianthus s.l. Thus, the use of the pollen attributes in the separation of the subordinate species to different subgenera is not effective. Pollen morphology did not give support to current subgeneric systematics, but it did support the genus Cybianthus s.l.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agostini G (1971) A revision of the genus Cybianthus subgenus Conomorpha (Myrsinaceae). PhD Thesis, University of New York, New York
Agostini G (1980) Uma nueva clasificación del género Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae). Acta Biol Venez 10:129–185
Anderberg AA, Ståhl B, Källersjö M (2000) Maesaceae, a new primuloid family in the order Ericales s.l. Taxon 49:183–187
APG III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161:105–121
APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 181:1–20
Caccavari MA, Naab OA, Tamame MA (2008) Palynological and physicochemical characteristics of three unifloral honey types from central Argentina. Span J Agric Res 6:566–576
Carrijo TT, Fourny ACS, Freitas MF, Gonçalves-Esteves V, Peixoto AL (2011) Insights on Ardisia and Stylogyne (Myrsinoideae-Primulaceae) based on pollen morphology. Pl Syst Evol 297:261–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00606-01105152
Carrijo TT, Garbin ML, Leite WP, Mendonça CBF, Esteves RL, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2013) Pollen morphology of some related genera of Vernonieae (Asteraceae) and its taxonomic significance. Pl Syst Evol 299:1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00606-01307959
Carrion JS, Delgado MJ, Garcia M (1993) Pollen grain morphology of Coris (Primulaceae). Pl Syst Evol 184:89–100
De Candolle MA (1834) Revue de La famille dês Myrsineés. Ann Sci Nat 2:285–301
De Candolle A (1844) Prodromus Systematica Naturalis regni vegetabilis, 8th edn. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, Paris
Erdtman G (1952) Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy-Angiosperms. Almqvist & Wiksel, Stockholm
Erdtman G (1960) The acetolysis method. A revised description. Svensk Bot Tidsk 54:561–564
Fonnegra-Gómez RJ (1986) Palinologia da família Myrsinaceae R. Br. no Brasil. PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
Freitas MF, Carrijo TT (2008) A família Myrsinaceae nos contrafortes do Maciço da Tijuca e contrafortes do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rodriguesia 59:813–828
Freitas MF, Carrijo TT, Kinoshita LS (2009) Flora da Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais: Myrsinaceae. Bol Inst Bot (São Paulo) 27: 259–267. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9052.v27i2p259-267
Jung-Mendaçolli SL, Bernacci LC (1997) Flora Fanerogâmica da Ilha do Cardoso (SP, Brasil): Myrsinaceae. In: Melo MMRF, Barros F, Chiea SAC, Kirizawa M, Jung-Mendaçolli SL, Wanderley MGL (eds) Flora Fanerogâmica da Ilha do Cardoso. Imprensa Oficial, São Paulo, pp 81–98
Jung-Mendaçolli SL, Bernacci LC (2001) Myrsinaceae da APA do Cairúçu, Parati. Rodriguésia 52:49–64. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062010000300010
Jung-Mendaçolli, SL, Bernarcci LC, Freitas MF (2005) Myrsinaceae. In: Wanderley MGL, Shepherd GJ, Melhem TS, Giulietti AM (eds) Flora Fanerogâmica do Estado de São Paulo vol 4, pp 279–300
Martius CFM (1829) Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, vol. 3. Munique
McCune B, Mefford MJ (2011) PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. Version 6. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach
Melhem TS, Cruz-Barros MAV, Corrêa AMS, Makino Watanabe H, Silvestre-Capelato MS, Esteves VLG (2003) Morfologia polínica em plantas de Campos do Jordão (São Paulo, Brasil). Bol Inst Bot (São Paulo) 16:1–104
Mez C (1902) Myrsinaceae. Das Planzenreich 9:1–437
Mezzonato-Pires AC, Mendonça CBF, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2015) Pollen morphology of selected species of Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae) from the Atlantic Forest. Acta Bot Brasil 29:391–399. https://doi.org/10.1590/010233062015
Miquel FAG (1856) Myrsineae. In: Martius, CFP, Eichler AW, Urban IP (eds) Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 10. Apud Frid. Flizcher in Comm., Lipsiae
Nowicke JW, Skvarla JJ (1979) Pollen morphology and the relationship of the Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae, and Primulaceae to the order Centrospermae. Smithsonian Contr Bot 37:1–64
Pipoly JJ (1981) Contributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): I. subgenus Iteoides and the identity of Conomorpha loretensis. Brittonia 33:493–497
Pipoly JJ (1983) Contributions toward monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): III. A revision of subgenus Laxiflorus. Brittonia 35:61–80
Pipoly JJ (1987) A systematic revision of the genus Cybiantus subgenus Grammadenia (Myrsinaceae). Mem New York Bot Gard 43:1–76
Pipoly JJ (1992) The Genus Cybianthus subgenus Conomorpha (Myrsinaceae) in Guayana. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 79:908–957
Pipoly JJ, Ricketson JM (1997) Myrsinaceae. In. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC
Punt W, Blackmore S, Nilsson S, Le Thomas A (2007) Glossary of pollen and spore. Glossary of pollen and spore terminology. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 143:1–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.06.008
Roubik DW, Moreno JE (1991) Pollen and spores of Barro Colorado Island. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 36:1–270
Salgado-Labouriau ML (1973) Contribuição à Palinologia dos Cerrados. An Acad Bras Ciênc, Rio de Janeiro
Souza MA, Mendonça CBF, Esteves RL, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2016) Pollen morphology of species of Graphistylis B. Nord. (Asteraceae) of Brazil. Acta Bot Brasil 30:138–146
Souza-Souza RMB, Loeuille B, Mendonça CBF, Esteves RL, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2016) Pollen morphology of the genus Paralychnophora (Vernonieae-Asteraceae). Palynology 40:280–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/0191612220051034380
Stähl B, Anderberg AA (1996) Myrsinaceae. In: Kubitzki K (ed) Vol. VI flowering plants Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. Bot J Linn Soc 122: 315–333
Thiers B (2013) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Available at: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/.2013
Tuler A, Silva T, Carrijo T, Garbin ML, Mendonça CBF, Peixoto AL, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2017) Taxonomic significance of pollen morphology for species delimitation in Psidium (Myrtaceae). Pl Syst Evol 303:317–327. https://doi.org/10.1007/S0060601613738
Valenti-Rull V (2003) An illustrated key for the identification of pollen from Pantepui and the Gran Sabana (eastern Venezuelan Guayana). Palynology 27:99–133
Vignoli-Silva M, Batista-Franklim CPR, Correa DSM, Mentz LA, Mendonça CBF, Gonçalves-Esteves V (2015) Pollen diversity in Cestrum L. (Solanaceae) from extra- Amazonian Brazil. Palynology 39:76–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/019116122.2014.936982
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to technic of the Department of Invertebrates of the National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, for providing technical assistance with the scanning electron microscopy. This study received financial support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) and from the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ, Foundation for the Support of Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Handling editor: Luke Mander.
Appendix
Appendix
Cybianthus alpestris (Warm.) Mez. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Serra do Cipó, 8 Jun 2002, *J.R. Pirani 5075 (RB); Minas Gerais, Santana do Riacho, Rodovia Belo Horizonte, Conceição do Mato Dentro, 31 Oct 1985, M. Meguro s.n. (RB492647). C. amplus (Mez) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Negro, 24 Nov 1929, *A. Ducke s.n. (RB 21930); Pará, Belém, Ilha do Mosqueiro, 18 Feb 1923, A. Ducke s.n. (RB18662). C. barrosoanus G. Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, Igarapé do Passarinho, 1 Jan 1961, *W.A. Rodrigues and J. Lima 3246 (INPA). C. brasiliensis (Mez) G. Agostini. Brazil: Pará, Oriximiná, Feb 2009, *A. Medeiros s.n. (RB483168); Espírito Santo, Castelo, 6 Dec. 1956, E. Pereira 2114 (RB). C. brownii Gleason. Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, Rio Cuieiras, Jun 1993, *S.G. Egler s.n (RB336364). C. cardonae G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Serra Aracá, 23 Feb 1984, *G.T. Prance et al. s.n. (INPA 132885) C. coriaceus Mart. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Rio Preto, 22 Feb 2004, *L.C.S. Assis 969 (RB). C. cuneifolius Mart. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Grumari, 22 Aug 2007, *T.T. Carrijo 1001 (RB); Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Pedra da Gávea, 29 May 1977, J.P.P. Carauta 2470 (RB). C. cuyabensis Mez. Brazil: Rondônia, Chapada dos Parecis, 28 Oct 1979, *M.G. Vieira et al. 744 (INPA). C. densiflorus Miq. Brazil: Bahia, Mucuri, área de restinga, 14 Nov 1978, *S.A. Mori 10524 (RB). C. detergens Mart. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Grão Mogol, 4 Nov 1987, *R. Mello-Silva s.n. (RB380830); Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Serra do Taquaril, 23 Oct 1936, M. Barreto 5084 (R); Brasília, Distrito Federal, 20 Nov 1978, E.P. Heringer 17182 (RB). C. fuscus Mart. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Baleia, 29 Nov 1940, *P. Occhioni s.n. (RB 44143); São Paulo, Bananal, Serra da Bocaína, 5 Oct 1949, A.C. Brade 20101(RB); Espírito Santo, Venda Nova do Imigrante, 16 Jan 1995, G. Hatschbach 61560 (RB). C. fulvopulverulentus (Mez) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, Itacoatiara, 17 July 1968, *G.T. Prance 9057 (RB); Pará, Rio Tapajós, 22 Aug 1923, A. Ducke s.n. (RB18659). C. fulvopulverulentus subsp. magnolifolius (Mez) Pipoly. Brazil: Amazonas, Serra Aracá, 4 Mar 1984, *J.J. Pipoly 6792 (INPA). C. gardneri (DC.) G.Agostini. Brazil: Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, 12 Nov 1968, *R.M. Harley 11055 (RB). C. glaber (Mez) G.Agostini Brazil: Minas Gerais, Reserva Biológica da Represa do Grama, 2 Dec 2001, *R.M. Castro 721 (RB); Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Órgãos, Oct 1952, Markgraf s.n. (RB86694); Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Pedra do Sino, 10 Nov 2004, C.C.S. Seele 262 (RB); Rio de Janeiro, Nova Friburgo, Macaé de Cima, margem do rio das Flores, 15 Sept 1988, T. Wendt 187 (RB). C. goyasensis Mez. Brazil: Goiás, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, 11 Sept 2011, *L.H. Soares-Silva 1552 (INPA). C. guyanensis (A.DC.) Miq. Brazil: Manaus, Itacoatiara, 13 Dec 1966, G.T. Prance et al. 3618. C. longifolius Miq. Brazil: Amapá, margem do Rio Oiapoque, 15 Sept 1960, *H.S. Irwin 48282 (RB); Amapá, Rio Oiapoque, 18 Sept 1960, H.S. Irwin s.n. (RB259790). C. macrophylus Miq. Brazil: Cuiabá, Porto Velho, mineração Jacundá, 7 Oct 1979, *J.L. Zarucchi s.n. (RB200902). C. multiflorus (A.C.Sm) G. Agostini. Bolívia: Pando, Rio Madeira, 13 Nov 1968, G.T. Prance et al. 8388 (INPA). C. penduliflorus Mart. Brazil: Amazonas, Tefé, Rio Solimões, 11 Dec 1982, *I.L. Amaral et al. 698 (INPA). C. poeppigii Mez. Brazil: Manaus, Estrada Mauá, 26 Mar 1971, *G.T. Prance et al. s.n. (INPA29938). C. potaei (Mez) G.Agostini. Brazil: Bahia, Santa Cruz de Cabrália, s.d., *S.A. Mori s.n. (RB232098). C. prieurii A.DC. Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Solimões, 22 Feb. 1977, *S.A. Mori s.n. (RB 232097). C. pseudoicacoreus (Miq.) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Manaus, Itacoatiara, 17 Dec 1968, *G.T. Prance 9057 (RB); Rondônia, Município de Vilhena, 28/X/1979, J.L. Zarucchi 2821 (RB). C. quelchii (N.E.Br.) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Serra Aracá, 14 Feb 1984, J.J. Pipoly 6702 (INPA). C. reticulatus (Benth ex. Miq.) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, s.d., *W.A. Rodrigues 10644 (RB); Amazonas, Manaus, 23 May 1936, A. Ducke 203 (R). C. schlimii (Hook.f.) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, km 500 Rodovia Manaus-Humaitá, 17 Oct 1988, *S.R. Lowrie et al. 52 (INPA). C. spicatus (Kunth) G.Agostini. Brazil: Amazonas, Rio Negro, Cucui, s.date, *A.C. Nascimento 189 (RB174092); Amazonas, Manaus, Itacoatiara, 12 Dec 1986, G.A. Agostini 1971 (R); Amazonas, Manaus, Chapada, Pensador, s.d., A. Ducke s.n. (RB37601).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
da Silva Fourny, A.C., Carrijo, T.T., Mendonça, C.B.F. et al. Pollen morphology in delimiting subgenera and species of the genus Cybianthus s.l. (Myrsinoideae–Primulaceae). Plant Syst Evol 304, 535–548 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1498-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1498-z