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The evolutionary history of Senna ser. Aphyllae (Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae), an endemic clade of southern South America

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Abstract

In the legume genus Senna, series Aphyllae includes seven species of leafless shrubs and subshrubs from arid, semiarid and xerophilous areas of three different biogeographic subregions in southern South America. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary history of Aphyllae in a molecular phylogenetic framework. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Aphyllae species based on DNA sequence data of four plastid (rpS16, rpL16, matK, trnL-F) and one nuclear (ITS) region from 23 accessions, analyzed with parsimony, Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. We inferred the evolutionary and biogeographic history estimating divergence times and reconstructing ancestral character states and ancestral areas of distribution. Series Aphyllae was found to be monophyletic, and the taxa formed two main clades: Clade A gathering S. aphylla var. aphylla, S. crassiramea, S. rigidicaulis and S. spiniflora; and Clade B grouping S. acanthoclada, S. aphylla var. divaricata, S. aphylla var. pendula and S. pachyrrhiza. The morphologically complex S. aphylla appears thus polyphyletic. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions suggest that the Aphyllae clade started to diversify in the South American Transition Zone in the Late Pliocene. Based on these results, we hypothesize that this diversification occurred during the last period of Andean uplift with the aridification in South America. The ancestral character state reconstructions suggest that, in addition to the loss of leaves in adult plants, series Aphyllae evolved various morphological features, such as fastigiate, thickened or decumbent–subdecumbent branches during the colonization and establishment in different arid and semiarid lands in South America.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the curators of the herbaria cited under Materials and methods for permission to study and/or loans of specimens, to Dr. Leonardo Amarilla for methodological suggestions, to Dr. Horacio Cantiello for critical reading of the manuscript, to Mr. Marcelo Gritti to help with the preparation of the illustration and to Lic. Luciana Caeiro and Dra. Daniela Tosto for technical laboratory assistance. We also thanks to Dra. Jimena Nores, Ing. Mariela Fabbroni, Dr. José Pensiero and Mr. Gustavo Bertone for provided the photograph of S. aphylla, S. rigidicaulis, S. crassiramea and S. acanthoclada, respectively, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable and constructive comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This study was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET; fellowship to F.O.R.; Grants PIP 112-200801-00323 and 11220080101557), FONCyT (PICT 2014-1095) and by Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, INTA, Ruta Nac. 68 – Km 172, 4403, Cerrillos, Prov. de Salta, Argentina

    Federico O. Robbiati

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Federico O. Robbiati, Ana Anton & Renée H. Fortunato

  3. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Vélez Sarsfield 1611–X5016GCA, 5000, Córdoba, Prov. de Córdoba, Argentina

    Ana Anton

  4. Natural History Museum of Cantone Ticino, Viale Cattaneo 4, 6900, Lugano, Switzerland

    Brigitte Marazzi

  5. Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Marilyn Vásquez-Cruz

  6. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, INTA, Nicolás Repetto y de Los Reseros s/n°, 1686, Hurlingham, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Renée H. Fortunato

  7. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Universidad de Morón, Cabildo 134, 6° piso, 1708, Morón, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Renée H. Fortunato

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  2. Ana Anton
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  3. Brigitte Marazzi
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  4. Marilyn Vásquez-Cruz
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  5. Renée H. Fortunato
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Federico O. Robbiati.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Handling Editor: Michal Ronikier.

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Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Online Resource 1. Biogeographic distribution, voucher information and Genbank accessions of the samples used in this study. Bold code represents generated sequences in this work. Bold taxa are those used in phylogenetic analyses.

Online Resource 2. Primer sequences for amplification and sequencing of ITS and plastid DNA regions used in this study.

Online Resource 3. Alignment used to produce phylogeny.

Online Resource 4. Phylogenetic tree obtained from parsimony analysis of combined ITS and plastid DNA sequences showing relationships of Senna ser. Aphyllae.

Online Resource 5. Graphical representation of ancestral distributions for genus Senna obtained by S-DIVA analysis, indicated by the pies with different colors and proportions.

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Robbiati, F.O., Anton, A., Marazzi, B. et al. The evolutionary history of Senna ser. Aphyllae (Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae), an endemic clade of southern South America. Plant Syst Evol 303, 1351–1366 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1450-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1450-7

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