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Phylogeographic insights into Artemisia crithmifolia (Asteraceae) reveal several areas of the Iberian Atlantic coast as refugia for genetic diversity

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Abstract

The study of fragmentation processes should be tackled using different approaches, in order to obtain solid and robust evidence that could help in identifying potential barriers and threats for species. In this study, we have evaluated the spatial fragmentation patterns in Artemisia crithmifolia (Asteraceae) along its current distribution along the Atlantic coastlines of Europe, from Portugal to the Netherlands and the UK. Niche modelling analyses considering current and past climatic conditions, combined with plastid markers, have been used to evaluate the disconnected distribution pattern of the species, genetic flow between populations and habitat suitability for present and past populations. Plastid markers showed very low variability, while suggesting that the westernmost populations from the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula are partially genetically isolated, due to the existence of a potential barrier for gene flow on the northern Spanish coast. However, niche models identify this area as a potential habitat for the species, even during the last glacial maximum (20,000 years ago). The combination of both techniques allows identification of potential refugia for the species, highlighting the most likely recolonisation routes and distribution patterns which resulted in the overall low levels of genetic diversity. Anthropogenic activities (urban sprawl, beach expansions, etc.) are most likely behind local extinctions, thus preventing the establishment and expansion of new populations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank S. Garcia, D. Guest, C. Ibarria, A. Jones, Ph. Smith, J.D. Twibell, M. Wilcox and J. Woodman for their help during field sampling and S. Pyke and A. Plant for language editing. The study has been supported by Projects CGL2007-64839-C02-01/-02, CGL2010-22234-C02-01.02/BOS and CGL2013-49097-C2-2-P (Spanish Government) and 2014SGR514 (Catalan Government).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Alfredo García-Fernández, Daniel Vitales & Teresa Garnatje

  2. Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán SN, 28933, Móstoles, Spain

    Alfredo García-Fernández

  3. Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s.n., 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

    Daniel Vitales & Joan Vallès

  4. Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK

    Jaume Pellicer

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  1. Alfredo García-Fernández
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  2. Daniel Vitales
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  3. Jaume Pellicer
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  4. Teresa Garnatje
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  5. Joan Vallès
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Correspondence to Alfredo García-Fernández.

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Handling editor: Christian Parisod.

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Information on Electronic Supplementary Material

Online Resource 1. Description of the environmental (BIOCLIM) variables used to construct ecological niche models in Maxent.

Online Resource 2. Genbank reference numbers for the sequences obtained for each marker.

Online Resource 3. Alignment of psbA-trnH region used for the analysis of Artemisia crithmifolia.

Online Resource 4. Alignment of rpl32-trnL region used for the analysis of Artemisia crithmifolia.

Online Resource 5. Results of the jackknife test on the importance of the environmental variables, showing the gain in predictive (regularised training gain) when the different variables are used in isolation and the decrease in the gain when each of them is omitted.

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García-Fernández, A., Vitales, D., Pellicer, J. et al. Phylogeographic insights into Artemisia crithmifolia (Asteraceae) reveal several areas of the Iberian Atlantic coast as refugia for genetic diversity. Plant Syst Evol 303, 509–519 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-017-1387-x

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