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Patterns of genetic variation in Pilosella echioides and its selected relatives: results of variation in ploidy level, facultative apomixis and past and present hybridization

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Abstract

We used allozymes to elucidate the genetic variation of Pilosella echioides and P. rothiana in the Pannonian Basin and its relationship with morphology and modes of reproduction. The former species consists of sexual diploid, apomictic tetraploid, and very rare sexual tetraploid populations; the latter is exclusively tetraploid and apomictic. As expected, we detected the highest intra-population variation in diploid populations of P. echioides. Nonetheless, 73 % of populations of tetraploid P. echioides and 64 % of P. rothiana consisted of 2–7 multilocus allozyme genotypes, the means being 5.75 in P. echioides and 2.64 in P. rothiana. Both the proportion of distinguishable genotypes (G/N) per population and genotype diversity (D) per population significantly differed between diploid P. echioides (means 0.415 and 0.828, respectively) on the one hand and tetraploid P. echioides (means 0.252 and 0.387, respectively) and P. rothiana (means 0.213 and 0.347, respectively) on the other. Rather surprisingly, we found an excess of homozygotes (positive F IS) in diploids, which indicates inbreeding. Tetraploids of P. echioides have most likely originated from only a few polyploidization events and have spread thanks to agamospermy—at least populations from the NW part of the area under study seem to be monophyletic. Genetic differences within the putatively hybridogeneous species P. rothiana are small. It seems plausible that it has a common origin and that it spreads independently of its parents (P. echioides and P. officinarum). A certain level of genetic diversity can be caused by residual sexuality or less likely by repeated polytopic hybridization between P. echioides and P. officinarum. Pilosella sterrochaetia is reported here from Hungary for the first time. It is an extremely rare primary diploid hybrid between diploid P. echioides and P. leucopsilon. Its intermediate nuclear genome size also confirms its hybrid origin.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Eva Ibermajerová and Eva Morávková for providing greenhouse and garden support, Karin Kottová and Adéla Macková for carrying out the allozyme analyses and curators of herbarium collection BP (especially to Zoltán Barina) for their help during our herbarium studies. Fred Rooks kindly improved our English. The study was funded by the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (grant No. KJB601110813 and the long-term research development project No. RVO 67985939), the Czech Science Foundation (grants No. P506/10/1363 and 13-18610P), Charles University in Prague (grant No. 1207/2007), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grants No. MSM 0021620828 and MSM 6007665806) and the project Postdoc USB (No. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0006 to PT) realized through the EU Education for Competitiveness Operational Programme (funded by the European Social Fund and the Czech State Budget).

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  1. Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-35243, Průhonice, Czech Republic

    Jindřich Chrtek, Ivana Plačková, Zuzana Dočkalová, Anna Krahulcová & Pavel Trávníček

  2. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-12801, Prague, Czech Republic

    Jindřich Chrtek & Pavel Trávníček

  3. Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Pavel Trávníček

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  1. Jindřich Chrtek
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Chrtek, J., Plačková, I., Dočkalová, Z. et al. Patterns of genetic variation in Pilosella echioides and its selected relatives: results of variation in ploidy level, facultative apomixis and past and present hybridization. Plant Syst Evol 300, 2091–2104 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1041-9

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