Abstract
Previous morphological analysis has indicated that subgenus Meconostigma was the basal group of the genus and sister group of a clade formed by subgenera Philodendron and Pteromischum. However, recent molecular analysis suggests Pteromischum is the sister group of the clade Philodendron and Meconostigma. The objective of this work was to anatomically describe the stem of Philodendron, searching for possible synapomorphies for the three currently accepted subgenera, and thus give support to one of the two phylogenetic hypotheses, and to contribute new and updated information about characters relevant to the taxonomy of the group. Anatomical data were obtained from 14 species of Philodendron. The main conclusions of our study were recognition of a sclerified hypodermis and storied cork in Philodendron and verification of the absence of amphivasal bundles, the presence of which was previously suggested for the genus by French and Tomlinson. The presence of a branched root vascular plexus in Meconostigma and Philodendron gives support to the phylogenetic hypothesis in which those two subgenera form a monophyletic clade. The unistratified and sclerified hypodermis, only simple vascular bundles within the periphery of the central cylinder, and a connection through a fibrous sheath between them were considered apomorphic characters of Pteromischum.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Beck CB (2005) An introduction to plant structure and development: plant anatomy for the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bukatsch F (1972) Bemerkungen zur Doppelfärbung Astrablau–Safranina. Mikrokosmos 61(8):225
Burger LM, Richter HG (1991) Anatomia da Madeira. Nobel, Sao Paulo
Cabrera LI, Salazar GA, Chase MW, Mayo SJ, Bogner J, Dávila P (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of aroids and duckweeds (Araceae) inferred from coding and noncoding plastid DNA. Amer J Bot 95(9):1153–1163
Cansação IF (2008) Relacionamento genético de espécies do gênero Philodendron (Araceae, Monocotyledoneae) através da técnica de DAF (DNA amplification fingerprinting). Master’s Dissertation, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
Croat TB (1997) A revision of Philodendron subgenus Philodendron for Mexico and central America. Ann Mo Bot Gard 84(3):311–704
Cusimano N, Bogner J, Mayo SJ et al (2011) Relationships within the Araceae: comparison of morphological patterns with molecular phylogenies. Amer J Bot 98(4):654–668
Esau K (1977) Anatomy of seed plants. Wiley, New York
French JC (1997) Vegetative anatomy. In: Mayo SJ, Borgner J, Boyce PC (eds) The genera of Araceae. Royal botanic gardens, Kew, pp 9–24
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1981a) Vascular patterns in stems of Araceae: subfamilies Calloideae and Lasioideae. Bot Gaz 142:366–381
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1981b) Vascular patterns in stems of Araceae: subfamily Philodendroideae. Bot Gaz 142:550–563
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1981c) Vascular patterns in stems of Araceae: subfamily Pothoideae. Amer J Bot 68:713–729
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1981d) Vascular patterns in stems of Araceae: subfamily Monsteroideae. Amer J Bot 68:1115–1129
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1983) Vascular patterns in stems of Araceae: subfamily Colocasioideae, Aroideae and Pistioideae. Amer J Bot 70:756–771
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1984) Patterns of stem vasculature in Philodendron. Amer J Bot 71(10):1432–1443
French JC, Tomlinson PB (1986) Compound vascular bundles in monocotyledonous stems: construction and significance. Kew Bull 41:561–574
Gauthier MPL, Barabe D, Bruneau A (2008) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Philodendron (Araceae): delimitation and infrageneric classification. Bot J Linn Soc 156:13–27
Goncalves EG, Salviani ER (2002) New species and changing concepts of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae). Aroideana 25:2–15
Govaerts R, Frodin D (2002) World checklist and bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 560
Grayum MH (1996) Revision of Philodendron subgenus Pteromischum (Araceae) for Pacific and Caribbean Tropical America. Syst Bot Monogr Mich 47:1–233
Haberlandt G (1928) Physiological plant anatomy. Macmillan, London
Johansen DA (1940) Plant microtechnique. McGraw–Hill, New York
Krause K (1913) Araceae–Philodendroidae–Philodendreae–Philodendrinae. In: Engler A (ed) Das Pflanzenreich Heft 60 (IV.23Db). Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 1–143
Mayo SJ (1988) Aspectos da evolução e da geografia do gênero Philodendron Schott (Araceae). Acta Bot Bras (supl.) 1(2):27–40
Mayo SJ (1989) Observations of gynoecial structure in Philodendron (Araceae). Bot J Linn Soc 100:139–172
Mayo SJ (1991) A revision of Philodendron subgenus Meconostigma (Araceae). Kew Bulletin, London 46(4):601–681
Mayo SJ, Borgner J, Boyce PC (1997) The genera of Araceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
Ruzin SE (1999) Plant microtechnique. The Iowa State College Press, Iowa
Sakuragui CM (2001) Biogeografia de Philodendron seção Calostigma no Brasil. Acta Sci 23(2):561–569
Sakuragui CM, Mayo SJ, Zappi D (2006) Taxonomic revision of Philodendron section Macrobelium. Kew Bulletin, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 60(4):465–513
Sakuragui CM, Soares ML (2010) Philodendron. In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/FB026518
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Marcus Nadruz Coelho, for assistance in collection and identification, Antônio Mateo Solé Cava, for revising an earlier version of the manuscript, and Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento do Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tenorio, V., Sakuragui, C.M. & Vieira, R.C. Stem anatomy of Philodendron Schott (Araceae) and its contribution to the systematics of the genus. Plant Syst Evol 298, 1337–1347 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0640-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0640-6