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Cobalt oxide modified sulfur and phosphorus Co-doped g-C3N4 for screening of urinary human albumin

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Abstract

The fabrication of a heteroatom-doped nanocomposite based on cobalt oxide modified sulfur, phosphorus co-doped carbon nitride (Co3O4/SP-CN) with increased active sites is reported. The synthesized nanocomposite offers surprisingly high electrocatalytic oxidation efficacy toward human albumin (HA) despite its agglomeration. This improved efficacy of Co3O4/SP-CN nanocomposite could be attributed to its increased adsorption sites and surface defects, fast charge transportation capability, and conductivity. Additionally, morphological and compositional analysis of the fabricated Co3O4/SP-CN material has been performed  through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The fabricated electrode shows remarkable amperometric response against the HA with a limit of detection of 8.39 nM and linear range of 20–4000 nM at applied potential of 0.25 V versus Ag/AgCl in 0.1 M PBS (pH 8.2). The designed Co3O4/SP-CN electrode has been successfully applied to monitor HA in  urine samples of diabetic patient with recovery percentage from 94.1 and 92.1% and with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 5.8 and 7.8%. According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to use a Co3O4/SP-CN–based graphitic pencil (GP) electrode for monitoring of HA for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

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Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under grant number (RGP2/281/44).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Anam Zulfiqar, Bushra Yaqub, Mohibullah Shah & Haq Nawaz

  2. Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan

    Farhan Zafar

  3. Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayil Asir, 63311, Saudi Arabia

    HassabAlla M. A. Mahmoud

  4. Department of Physics, Turabah University College, Taif University, Box 11099, Taif, PO, 21944, Saudi Arabia

    Einas M. A. Widaa

  5. Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Naeem Akhtar

  6. Department of Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan

    Umar Nishan

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  1. Anam Zulfiqar
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Correspondence to Mohibullah Shah or Naeem Akhtar.

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Zulfiqar, A., Zafar, F., Yaqub, B. et al. Cobalt oxide modified sulfur and phosphorus Co-doped g-C3N4 for screening of urinary human albumin. Microchim Acta 190, 355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05936-3

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