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Polybenzimidazole: a novel, fluorocarbon-free, SPME sorbent binder with good thermal and solvent resistance properties for GC and LC analysis

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Abstract

A novel solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating is presented that uses polybenzimidazole (PBI) as a binder to immobilize micro-size sorbent particles onto a support. An evaluation of the developed binder’s thermal and solvent desorption capabilities demonstrated its compatibility with both gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC). The incorporation of hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) particles provided optimal extraction coverage for an array of chemically diverse analytes possessing a range of hydrophobicities and molecular weights. The developed binder’s performance was assessed by comparing it to a selection of binders commonly used in the literature, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), as well as the more recently developed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene amorphous fluoroplastic (PTFE AF 2400). The results revealed that PBI provides better performance compared to PVDF and PTFE AF 2400 in terms of its environmental impact, while also being convenient for use in coating preparation and offering good matrix compatibility. The thermal analysis revealed that PBI exhibited more than 93% weight retention at 550 °C, which is superior to PVDF’s 80.07% weight retention at 393.78 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to use PBI as a particle binder in SPME coatings. The PBI coating maintained high extraction efficiencies under extreme conditions with pH values of 3 and 12. The performance of PBI in combination with HLB was assessed by employing it to extract several drugs of abuse and McReynolds compounds for LC and GC analysis, respectively. The results indicated that PBI performs similarly to PAN for LC but is outperformed by PDMS in GC applications with respect to extraction and desorption kinetics. Nonetheless, the thermal and solvent desorption results indicated that PBI can be used for both applications, as it remains stable at temperatures over 350 °C and is stable when solvent desorption is applied.

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Data availability

Data sets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant program for its financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Khaled Murtada, Emir Nazdrajić & Janusz Pawliszyn

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  1. Khaled Murtada
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  2. Emir Nazdrajić
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  3. Janusz Pawliszyn
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Contributions

Khaled Murtada: conceptualization, methodology, validation, investigation, and writing-original draft. Emir Nazdrajic: methodology, validation, investigation, and writing—review and editing. Janusz Pawliszyn: conceptualization, project administration, writing—review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Janusz Pawliszyn.

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Murtada, K., Nazdrajić, E. & Pawliszyn, J. Polybenzimidazole: a novel, fluorocarbon-free, SPME sorbent binder with good thermal and solvent resistance properties for GC and LC analysis. Microchim Acta 190, 323 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-023-05889-7

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