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A composite adsorbent of graphene quantum dots, mesoporous carbon, and molecularly imprinted polymer to extract nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk

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Abstract

A composite magnetic adsorbent was developed by embedding graphene quantum dots (GQDs), silica-modified magnetite (Fe3O4-SiO2), and mesoporous carbon (MPC) into a molecularly imprinted polymer (GQDs/Fe3O4-SiO2/MPC/MIP). The adsorbent was applied to extract nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in milk. The MIP was formed via a sol–gel copolymerization using flurbiprofen, diflunisal, and mefenamic acid as template molecules, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a monomer, and tetraethyl orthosilicate as a cross-linker. GQDs and MPC enhanced affinity binding between NSAIDs and the adsorbent through π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction. The Fe3O4-SiO2 nanoparticles embedded in the composite adsorbent enabled its rapid isolation from the sample solution. The extracted NSAIDs were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and exhibited good linearity from 1.0 to 100.0 μg L−1 for flurbiprofen and 0.5 to 100.0 μg L−1 for diflunisal and mefenamic acid, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 μg L−1. Recoveries of NSAIDs from spiked milk samples ranged from 81.4 to 93.7%, with RSDs below 7%. The reproducibility of the fabricated adsorbent was good and in the optimal conditions, the developed adsorbent could be used for up to six extraction-desorption cycles.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Thomas Duncan Coyne for English proofreading.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Prince of Songkla University (Grant No. SCI6502007S-0) and The Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. Naphatsakorn Orachorn was supported by the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST).

The authors declare no competing interests.

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  1. Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand

    Naphatsakorn Orachorn & Opas Bunkoed

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  1. Naphatsakorn Orachorn
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Correspondence to Opas Bunkoed.

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Orachorn, N., Bunkoed, O. A composite adsorbent of graphene quantum dots, mesoporous carbon, and molecularly imprinted polymer to extract nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in milk. Microchim Acta 189, 446 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-022-05550-9

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