Abstract
An organic-inorganic hybrid monolithic column doped with gold nanorods (AuNRs) was prepared and evaluated for solid phase extraction (SPE) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Excellent dispersibility of AuNRs in binary green porogen system consisting of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The particle size of the resulting AuNRs (70–90 nm) was thoroughly examined by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The redox system including ammonium persulfate (APS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) was used to initiate in situ polymerization at 4 °C to prepare the hybrid monolith. The mesoporous structure of the AuNR hybrid monoliths was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption. With enrichment factors (EFs) of 150- to 292-fold, the developed method was successfully applied to the determination of 10 PAHs in wastewater samples. The recoveries at a spiked level were in the range 84.9 to 99.5% with limit of detections (LODs) and relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 μg L−1 and 1.5 to 4.2%, respectively. The correlation coefficients (R2) for the calibration function obtained were better 0.9991 for the target compounds. Compared to the AuNR-free monolith, the extraction efficiency of the AuNR-incorporated monolith is more than two times higher. The results indicated that the doping of AuNRs is an effective approach to obtain the hybrid monolithic column with good separation ability for PAHs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Liu G, Deng H, Li G, Chen L, Dai Q, Lan S, Tie S (2014) Nonlinear optical properties of large-sized gold nanorods. Plasmonics 9:1471–1480
Lee D, Jeong SH, Kang E (2018) Nanodiamond/gold nanorod nanocomposites with tunable light-absorptive and local plasmonic properties. J Ind Eng Chem 65:205–212
Centi S, Ratto F, Tatini F, Lai S, Pini R (2018) Ready-to-use protein G-conjugated gold nanorods for biosensing and biomedical applications. J Nanobiotechnol 16:5
Lietard A, Hsieh CS, Rhee H, Cho M (2018) Electron heating and thermal relaxation of gold nanorods revealed by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 9:891
Tamer U, İsmail HB, Temur E, Zengin A, Dincer İ, Elerman Y (2011) Fabrication of magnetic gold nanorod particles for immunomagnetic separation and SERS application. J Nanopart Res 13:3167–3176
Chang CW, Tseng WL (2010) Gold nanoparticle extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis to determine the total, free, and protein-bound aminothiols in plasma. Anal Chem 82:2696–2702
Lin JH, Tseng WL (2012) Gold nanoparticles for specific extraction and enrichment of biomolecules and environmental pollutants. Rev Anal Chem 31:153–162
Wang F, Wu Y, Zhan S, He L, Zhi W, Zhou X, Zhou P (2013) A simple and sensitive colorimetric detection of silver ions based on cationic polymer-directed AuNPs aggregation. Aust J Chem 66:113–118
Joshi PP, Yoon SJ, Hardin WG, Emelianov S, Sokolov KV (2013) Conjugation of antibodies to gold nanorods through fc portion: synthesis and molecular specific imaging. Bioconjug Chem 24:878–888
Mona C, Yolanda P, Enrique M, Bernardo H, Fernández-Cruz ML, Navas JM (2013) Peptide-biphenyl hybrid-capped AuNPs: stability and biocompatibility under cell culture conditions. Nanoscale Res Lett 8:1–21
He J, Yao F, Cui H, Li X, Yuan Z (2015) Simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene positional isomers by capillary electrochromatography using gold nanoparticles as stationary phase. J Sep Sci 35:1003–1009
Stoenescu S, Badilescu S, Packirisamy M, Truong V (2012) Enhanced anisotropy of gold nanorods-polymer composite films for optical applications. Photonics North 8412:267–291
Moghadam TT, Ranjbar B, Khajeh K (2012) Conformation and activity of lysozyme on binding to two types of gold nanorods: a comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 51:1–2
Jiang XC, Brioude A, Pileni MP (2017) Gold nanorods: limitations on their synthesis and optical properties. Colloids Surf A 277:201–206
Wagle DV, Zhao H, Baker GA (2014) Deep eutectic solvents: sustainable media for nanoscale and functional materials. Acc Chem Res 47:2299–2308
Zhang L, Gao S, Huang Y, Liu Z (2016) Green synthesis of polymer monoliths incorporated with carbon nanotubes in room temperature ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvents. Talanta 154:335–340
Zhou X, Zhang L, Song W, Huang Y, Liu Z (2018) A polymer monolith incorporating stellate mesoporous silica nanospheres for use in capillary electrochromatography and solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic small molecules. Microchim Acta 185:444
Liu K, Bu Y, Zheng Y, Jiang X, Yu A, Wang H (2017) Seedless synthesis of monodispersed gold nanorods with remarkably high yield: synergistic effect of template modification and growth kinetics regulation. Chem Eur J 23:3291–3299
Shen YF, Zhang X, Mo CE, Huang YP, Liu ZS (2020) Preparation of graphene oxide incorporated monolithic chip based on deep eutectic solvents for solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 1096:184–192
Delhomme O, Rieb E, Millet M (2007) Solid-phase extraction and LC with fluorescence detection for analysis of PAHs in rainwater. Chromatographia 65:163–171
Alkilany AM, Nagaria PK, Hexel CR (2010) Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of gold nanorods: molecular origin of cytotoxicity and surface effects. Small 5:701–708
Qian H, Xiao Y, Liu Z (2016) Giant Kerr response of ultrathin gold films from quantum size effect. Nat Commun 7:1–6
Xia D, Li Q, Xue Q, Liang C, Dong M (2016) Super flexibility and stability of graphene nanoribbons under severe twist. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:18406–18413
Hotchkiss JW, Lowe AB, Boyes SG (2007) Surface modification of gold nanorods with polymers synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Chem Mater 19:6–13
Zhang Z, Wang J, Chen C (2013) Gold nanorods based platforms for light-mediated theranostics. Theranostics 3:223–238
Sing KSW (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57:603–619
Yang L, Guihen E, Holmes JD, Loughran M, O’Sullivan GP, Glennon JD (2005) Gold nanoparticle-modified etched capillaries for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chem 77:1840–1846
Li M, Liu X, Jiang F, Guo L, Yang L (2011) Enantioselective open-tubular capillary electrochromatography using cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles as stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 1218:3725–3729
Zhang D, Cui B, Jiang X, Bai L, Liu H (2016) Investigation of the factors effecting on column efficiency of polymer monolithic column using high performance liquid chromatography. Am J Polym Sci Technol 2:20–27
Konishi A, Nambu K (1961) Suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride at low temperature with the use of monomer-soluble redox initiators. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 54:209–219
Mohammadi S, Rashidi F, Mousavi-Dehghani SA, Ghazanfari MH (2016) On the effect of temperature on precipitation and aggregation of asphaltenes in light live oils. Can J Chem Eng 94:1820–1829
Bagheri H, Roostaie A, Babanezhad E (2011) New grafted nanosilica-based sorbent for needle trap extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples followed by GC/MS. Chromatographia 74:429–436
Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Chen W, Cheng H, Zeng X, Zhu Y (2018) Three-dimensional ionic liquid-ferrite functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite for pipette-tip solid phase extraction of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human blood sample. J Chromatogr A 1552:1–9
Mahpishanian S, Sereshti H, Ahmadvand M (2017) A nanocomposite consisting of silica-coated magnetite and phenyl-functionalized graphene oxide for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from aqueous matrices. J Environ Sci 55:164–173
Jia Y, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Wang Z, Chen X, Wang M (2018) Core–shell indium (III) sulfide@metal-organic framework nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 1551:21–28
Safari M, Yamini Y, Mani-Varnosfaderani A, Asiabi H (2017) Synthesis of Fe3O4@PPy–MWCNT nanocomposite and its application for extraction of ultra-trace amounts of PAHs from various samples. J Iran Chem Soc 14:623–634
Yazdi MN, Yamini Y, Asiabi H (2018) Multiwall carbon nanotube-zirconium oxide nanocomposite hollow fiber solid phase microextraction for determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water, coffee and tea samples. J Chromatogr A 1554:8–15
Qu SS, Wang XB, Tong CL, Wu JM (2010) Metal ion mediated molecularly imprinted polymer for selective capturing antibiotics containing beta-diketone structure. J Chromatogr A 1217:8205–8211
Zunngu SS, Madikizela LM, Chimuka L, Mdluli PS (2017) Synthesis and application of a molecularly imprinted polymer in the solid-phase extraction of ketoprofen from wastewater. CR Chim 20:585–591
Szatylowicz H (2008) Structural aspects of the intermolecular hydrogen bond strength: H-bonded complexes of aniline, phenol and pyridine derivatives. J Phys Org Chem 21:897–914
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21775109).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 4.12 mb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, X., Shen, YF., Li, XX. et al. Preparation of gold nanorod–incorporated monolith for solid phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Microchim Acta 187, 418 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04401-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04401-9