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Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine by using dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene-modified gold nanoparticles and anionic pillar[5]arene-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride

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Abstract

An ultrasensitive and highly selective electrochemical method is described for the determination of dopamine (DA). It is based on the use of a multi-functional nanomaterial composed of water-soluble pillar[5]arene (WP5), dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene (2HP5)-modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs), and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), with an architecture of type 2HP5@GNP@WP5@g-C3N4. The modified GNPs were prepared in the presence of 2HP5 that acts as reducing agent and stabilizer in the formation of GNPs. 2HP5@GNP acts as an electrocatalyst in sensing DA. The WP5@g-C3N4 nanocomposite is obtained by π interaction between WP5 and g-C3N4 after sonication in the presence of WP5. The composite serves as a host for recognition and gathering DA on the surface of the electrode. The host-guest recognition mechanism between WP5 and DA is studied by 1H NMR and UV-vis. The electrode, best operated at a working potential of 0.18 V (vs. SCE), works in the concentration range of 0.012–5.0 μM DA and has a 4 nM detection limit.

Schematic illustration of the 2HP5@GNP@WP5@g-C3N4 hybrid nanomaterial for application in voltammetric sensing of dopamine.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Basic Research Project of Science and Technology Commission of Chongqing (Grant No. cstc2017jcyjA0656 and cstc2017jcyjAX0031), the Agricultural Joint Special Key Project in Yunnan Province (Grant No. 2018FG001-006), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21864024). The authors thank the support of this work by the Program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing, China (Grant No. CXTDX201601039).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, 408100, China

    Xiaoping Tan, Shuhua He, Xi Liu, Genfu Zhao, Ting Huang & Long Yang

  2. Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China

    Long Yang

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  1. Xiaoping Tan
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  3. Xi Liu
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  4. Genfu Zhao
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Correspondence to Genfu Zhao or Long Yang.

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Tan, X., He, S., Liu, X. et al. Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensing of dopamine by using dihydroxylatopillar[5]arene-modified gold nanoparticles and anionic pillar[5]arene-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride. Microchim Acta 186, 703 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-019-3869-8

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