Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A graphene oxide based poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) composite for solid-phase extraction of Cd(II) prior to its determination by FAAS

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Microchimica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The authors describe the preparation of a graphene oxide based poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) composite by in-situ polymerization. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The composite was placed in a column and used for solid phase extraction (SPE) of Cd(II) ions from water samples. The adsorbed Cd(II) was then eluted with HCl and injected into a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The effects of pH values, volume and flow rate of sample, and the kind, volume and concentration of eluent were optimized. The calibration plot for the assay is linear in the 2 to 100 μg.L−1 Cd(II) concentration range. Other figures of merit include (a) a 0.47 μg.L−1 limit of detection, (b) a relative standard deviation of 1.6% (for n = 7; at 20 μg.L−1 of Cd(II)), and (c) a preconcentration factor of 50. The method was validated by analyzing the certified reference material NIST SRM 1643f and spiked real samples. The method was successfully employed to the determination of Cd(II) in tap, river, seawater and wastewater samples.

Graphene oxide (GO) was used as an ideal platform for in-situ polymerization of 2,6-diaminopyridine. The material was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and spectrometry techniques. GO based poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) composite (GO-PDAP) was utilized as a sorbent for the separation and preconcentration of Cd(II) in water samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Omidi F, Behbahani M, Bojdi MK, Shahtaheri SJ (2015) Solid phase extraction and trace monitoring of cadmium ions in environmental water and food samples based on modified magnetic nanoporous silica. J Magn Magn Mater 395:213–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carter S, Fisher AS, Goodall PS, Hinds MW, Lancaster S, Shore S (2009) Atomic spectrometry update. Industrial analysis: metals, chemicals and advanced materials. J Anal At Spectrom 24(12):1599–1656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ferreira SL, de Andrade JB, das Maria Graças AK, MdG P, Lemos VA, dos Santos WN, de Medeiros Rodrigues F, Souza AS, Ferreira HS, da Silva EG (2007) Review of procedures involving separation and preconcentration for the determination of cadmium using spectrometric techniques. J Hazard Mater 145:358–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Camel V (2003) Solid phase extraction of trace elements. Spectrochim Acta B At Spectrosc 58:1177–1233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Oral EV, Dolak I, Temel H, Ziyadanogullari B (2011) Preconcentration and determination of copper and cadmium ions with 1,6-bis(2-carboxy aldehyde phenoxy) butane functionalized Amberlite XAD-16 by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 186:724–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gama EM, da Silva LA, Lemos VA (2006) Preconcentration system for cadmium and lead determination in environmental samples using polyurethane foam/me-BTANC. J Hazard Mater 136:757–762

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Xie F, Lin X, Wu X, Xie Z (2008) Solid phase extraction of lead(II), copper(II), cadmium(II) and nickel(II) using gallic acid-modified silica gel prior to determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 74:836–843

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Tuzen M, Sahiner S, Hazer B (2016) Solid phase extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc on biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate diethanol amine (PHB-DEA) polymer and their determination in water and food samples. Food Chem 210:115–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Li X-G, Huang M-R, Duan W, Yang Y-L (2002) Novel multifunctional polymers from aromatic diamines by oxidative polymerizations. Chem Rev 102:2925–2303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Huang MR, Peng QY, Li XG (2006) Rapid and effective adsorption of lead ions on fine poly(phenylenediamine) microparticles. Chemistry–A European Journal 12:4341–4350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dinda D, Saha SK (2015) Sulfuric acid doped poly diaminopyridine/graphene composite to remove high concentration of toxic Cr(VI). J Hazard Mater 291:93–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Latorre CH, Méndez JÁ, García JB, Martín SG, Crecente RP (2012) Carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction sorbents prior to atomic spectrometric determination of metal species: a review. Anal Chim Acta 749:16–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang S-T, Chang Y, Wang H, Liu G, Chen S, Wang Y, Liu Y, Cao A (2010) Folding/aggregation of graphene oxide and its application in Cu2+ removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 35:122–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhao G, Li J, Ren X, Chen C, Wang X (2011) Few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets as superior sorbents for heavy metal ion pollution management. Environmental science & technology 45:10454–10462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Henriques B, Gonçalves G, Emami N, Pereira E, Vila M, Marques PA (2016) Optimized graphene oxide foam with enhanced performance and high selectivity for mercury removal from water. J Hazard Mater 301:453–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhao G, Ren X, Gao X, Tan X, Li J, Chen C, Huang Y, Wang X (2011) Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions on few-layered graphene oxide nanosheets. Dalton Trans 40:10945–10952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ren X, Wu Q, Xu H, Shao D, Tan X, Shi W, Chen C, Li J, Chai Z, Hayat T (2016) New insight into GO, cadmium (II), phosphate interaction and its role in GO colloidal behavior. Environmental Science & Technology 50:9361–9369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sitko R, Janik P, Feist B, Talik E, Gagor A (2014) Suspended aminosilanized graphene oxide nanosheets for selective preconcentration of lead ions and ultrasensitive determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:20144–20153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Musico YLF, Santos CM, Dalida MLP, Rodrigues DF (2013) Improved removal of lead(II) from water using a polymer-based graphene oxide nanocomposite. J Mater Chem A1:3789–3796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Chandra V, Kim KS (2011) Highly selective adsorption of Hg2+ by a polypyrrole–reduced graphene oxide composite. Chem Commun 47:3942–3944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Marcano DC, Kosynkin DV, Berlin JM, Sinitskii A, Sun Z, Slesarev A, Alemany LB, Lu W, Tour JM (2010) Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4:4806–4814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Liao F, Yang S (2015) Poly-(2,6-diaminopyridine) nanoparticles enhanced fluorescent system: an “on–off” fluorescent switch triggered by fluorescent sensing platform. Synth Met 205:32–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu Z, Liu Q, Dai X, Shen-Tu C, Yao C, Kong Y (2013) Synthesis of poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) using Interface polymerization and the electrochemical properties of poly(2,6-diaminopyridine). ECS Electrochemistry Letters 2:G1–G4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhang K, Zhang LL, Zhao X, Wu J (2010) Graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composites as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Mater 22:1392–1401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Xu J, Wang K, Zu S-Z, Han B-H, Wei Z (2010) Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage. ACS Nano 4:5019–5026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhao Y, Watanabe K, Hashimoto K (2012) Self-supporting oxygen reduction electrocatalysts made from a nitrogen-rich network polymer. J Am Chem Soc 134:19528–19531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Luo SP, Liu QX, Liu Z, Xie AJ, Kong Y, Dai X (2012) Electrochemical polymerization of 2,6-pyridinediamine and characterization of the resulting polymer. Chin Chem Lett 23:1311–1314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sitko R, Zawisza B, Malicka E (2013) Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 51:33–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Morea G, Guerrieri A, Malitesta C, Torsi L (1991) Electrosynthesis and analytical characterization of films obtained by oxidation of 2,6-diaminopyridine. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 87:3515–3521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang Y, Tran HD, Liao L, Duan X, Kaner RB (2010) Nanoscale morphology, dimensional control, and electrical properties of oligoanilines. J Am Chem Soc 132:10365–10373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dimiev AM, Tour JM (2014) Mechanism of graphene oxide formation. ACS Nano 8:3060–3068

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kou R, Shao Y, Wang D, Engelhard MH, Kwak JH, Wang J, Viswanathan VV, Wang C, Lin Y, Wang Y (2009) Enhanced activity and stability of Pt catalysts on functionalized graphene sheets for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Electrochem Commun 11:954–957

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yilmaz E, Soylak M (2014) Solid phase extraction of cd, Pb, Ni, cu and Zn in environmental samples on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Environ Monit Assess 186:5461–5468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Amjadi M, Samadi A, Manzoori JL (2015) A composite prepared from halloysite nanotubes and magnetite (Fe3O4) as a new magnetic sorbent for the preconcentration of cadmium(II) prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometr. Microchim Acta 182:1627–1633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 41335-19141, Rasht, Iran

    Mohammadjavad Hosseinnia Kojidi & Alireza Aliakbar

Authors
  1. Mohammadjavad Hosseinnia Kojidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alireza Aliakbar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alireza Aliakbar.

Ethics declarations

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 831 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kojidi, M.H., Aliakbar, A. A graphene oxide based poly(2,6-diaminopyridine) composite for solid-phase extraction of Cd(II) prior to its determination by FAAS. Microchim Acta 184, 2855–2860 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2317-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2317-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation