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Visualization platform of one-dimensional gratings of tethered polyvinyltetrazole brushes on silicon surfaces for sensing of Cr(III)

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Abstract

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was grafted on silica (Si) surfaces in the form of one-dimensional (1D) gratings to form well-defined line patterns. The tethered PAN 1D gratings were then subjected to a cyano-to-tetrazole conversion reaction to generate a tethered polyvinyltetrazole (PVT) 1D grating. This results in different properties for the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizations, i.e. perpendicular and parallel to the line patterns, respectively. After adsorption of Cr(III), the negative charges of PVT chains were neutralized, and this results in a collapse of the polymer brushes. As a result, the effective refractive indices vary with the concentration of Cr(III). This causes a gradual color change from yellow via green to blue at incident angles of 30–40°. The adsorption of the ions Na+, Ag+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Zn2+ and Cr6+ ions, in contrast, does not cause significant changes in the effective refractive index. The Cr(III)-induced deswelling transitions can be reversed by treatment with acid. The assay has a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 20 μg·L−1 of Cr(III). The ions Pb(II), Cu(II) and Cr(VI) are also adsorbed by the PVT grating, but the respective LODs are higher (80, 100 and 40 μg·L−1).

Polyvinyltetrazole (PVT) is exploited to graft on silica surfaces as one-dimensional (1D) gratings. The grating-based assay exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity due to significant change of effective refractive indices in an experimentally simple setup for visualization of Cr3+.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China and Taipei Medical University − National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Joint Research Program (TMU-NTUST-106-01) for supporting this research financially and the National Nano Device Laboratory for assistance with the I-line lithography.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Jun-Ru Zeng & Jem-Kun Chen

  2. Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 300, Republic of China

    Chih-Chia Cheng

  3. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Ai-Wei Lee

  4. Cancer Center, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Po-Li Wei

  5. College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Po-Li Wei

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  1. Jun-Ru Zeng
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  2. Chih-Chia Cheng
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Correspondence to Jem-Kun Chen.

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Zeng, JR., Cheng, CC., Lee, AW. et al. Visualization platform of one-dimensional gratings of tethered polyvinyltetrazole brushes on silicon surfaces for sensing of Cr(III). Microchim Acta 184, 2723–2730 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2294-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2294-0

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