Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lead ion sensor with electrodes modified by imidazole-functionalized polyaniline

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Microchimica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) and carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were modified with imidazole functionalized polyaniline with the aim to develop a sensor for lead (II) in both acidic and basic aqueous solution. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The limit of detections obtained with glassy carbon electrode and carbon paste electrode are 20 ng mL-1 and 2 ng mL-1 of lead ion, respectively. An interference study was carried out with Cd(II), As(III), Hg(II) and Co(II) ions. Cd(II) ions interfere significantly (peak overlap) and As(III) has a depressing effect on the lead signal. The influence of pH was investigated indicating that bare and modified GCE and CPE show optimum response at pH 4.0 ± 0.05.

Imidazole functionalized polyaniline modified glassy carbon and carbon paste electrodes were used for lead ion detection by using CV and DPASV techniques. The lower detection limit observed with GCE and CPE are 20 ng mL-1 and 2 ng mL-1.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Xu H, Zeng L, Xing S, Xian Y, Shi G, Jin L (2008) Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of trace lead (II) and cadmium (II) using MWCNTs-nafion/bismuth composite electrodes. Electroanalysis 20:2655–2662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Coon T, Miller M, Shirazi F, Sullivan J (2006) Lead toxicity in a 14-year-old female with retained bullet fragments. Pediatrics 117:227–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wang J, Lu J, Luo D, Wang J, Jiang M, Tian B (1997) Renewable-reagent electrochemical sensor for monitoring trace metal contaminants. Anal Chem 69:2640–2645

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Esteban M, Casassas E (1994) Stripping electroanalytical environmental analysis. Tren Anal Chem 13:110–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Manisankar P, Vedhi C, Selvanathan G, Arumugam P (2008) Differential pulse stripping voltammetric determination of heavy metals simultaneously using new polymer modified glassy carbon electrodes. Microchim Acta 163:289–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zott H, Heusinger H (1975) Electron spin resonance investigations of radicals and trapped Electrons in γ-irradiated 3,4-polyisoprene and 1,2-polybutadiene. Macromolecules 8:182–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zon A, Ion I, Popescu A, Ungureanu M, Moutet JC, Aman ES (1997) A ferrocene crown ether-functionalized polypyrrole film electrode for the electrochemical recognition of barium and calcium cations. Adv Mater 9:711–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. He X, Su Z, Xie Q, Chen C, Fu Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Ma M, Deng L, Qin D, Yao S, Luo Y (2011) Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric determination of Cd and Pb at a bismuth glassy carbon electrode modified with nafion, poly(2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Microchim Acta 173:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ranjith K, Swathi SK, Kumar P, Ramamurthy PC (2011) Pulsed laser deposition film of a donor–acceptor–donor polymer as possible active layer in devices. J Mater Sci 46:2259–2266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. McQuade DT, Pullen AE, Swager TM (2000) Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev 100:2537–2574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mangombo ZA, Baker P, Iwuoha E, Key D (2010) Tyrosinase biosensor based on a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with a polyaniline-poly(vinyl sulfonate) composite film. Microchim Acta 170:267–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ramamurthy PC, Tiwary AK, Hardaker SS, Gregory RV (2002) Thermal characterization of high molecular weight leucoemeraldine base polyaniline. Poly Preprints 43:1242–1243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lodha A, Kilbey SM, Ramamurthy PC, Gregory RV (2001) Effect of annealing on electrical conductivity and morphology of polyaniline films. J Appl Poly Sci 82:3602–3610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tang L, Wu T, Kan J (2009) Synthesis and properties of polyaniline–cobalt coordination polymer. Synth Met 159:1644–1648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Wang A, Feng J, Li Y, Xi J, Dong W (2010) In-situ decorated gold nanoparticles on polyaniline with enhanced electrocatalysis towards dopamine. Microchim Acta 171:431–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dimitriev OP (2004) Doping of polyaniline by transition-metal salts. Macromolecules 37:3388–3395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nikolaidis MG, Sejdic JT, Cooney RP, Bowmaker GA (2006) Spectroscopic studies of interactions of polyaniline with some Cu(II) compounds. Curr Appl Phys 6:457–461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Joszai V, Nagy Z, Osz K, Sanna D, Natale GD, Mendola DL, Pappalardo G, Rizzarelli E, Sovago I (2006) Transition metal complexes of terminally protected peptides containing histidyl residues. J Inorgan Biochem 100:1399–1409

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zeng Q, Cai P, Li Z, Qin J, Tang BZ (2008) An imidazole-functionalized polyacetylene: convenient synthesis and selective chemosensor for metal ions and cyanide. Chem Comm 9:1094–1096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Li Z, Lou X, Yu H, Li Z, Qin J (2008) An imidazole-functionalized polyfluorene derivative as sensitive fluorescent probe for metal ions and cyanide. Macromolecules 41:7433–7439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Joseph A, Ramamurthy PC, Subramanian S (2012) Imidazole functionalized polyaniline: synthesis, characterization and Cu (II) coordination studies. J Appl Poly Sci 123:526–534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang JJ, Wang XJ, Geng Y, Tung CH, Wu LZ (2009) Colorimetric and electrochemical Pb2+ detection by imine-bridged tetrathiafulvalene-pyridine derivatives. Sci China Ser B-Chem 52:765–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang J, Tian B (1993) Mercury-free disposable lead sensors based on potentiometric stripping analysis of gold-coated screen-printed electrodes. Anal Chem 65:1529–1532

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Noh MF, Tothill IE (2006) Development and characterization of disposable gold electrodes and their use for lead(II) analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:2095–2106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Song W, Zhang L, Shi L, Li DW, Li Y, Long YT (2010) Simultaneous determination of cadmium(II), lead(II) and copper(II) by using a screen-printed electrode modified with mercury nano-droplets. Microchim Acta 169:321–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Yang G, Qu X, Shen M, Wang C, Qu Q, Hu X (2008) Electrochemical behavior of lead(II) at poly(phenol red) modified glassy carbon electrode and its trace determination by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Microchim Acta 160:275–281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Xiao-bo J, Yun-hua W, Jun-jie F, Sheng-shui H (2004) Electrochemical determination of trace amounts of lead (II) and cadmium (II) at a calix[6]arene modified carbon paste electrode. Wuhan Uni J of Nat Sci 6:943–948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Li XG, Feng H, Huang MR, Gu GL, Moloney MG (2012) Ultrasensitive Pb(II) potentiometric sensor based on copolyaniline nanoparticle in plasticizer free membrane with long life time. Anal Chem 84:134–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rahman MA, Won MS, Shim YB (2003) Characterization of EDTA bonded conducting polymer modified electrode: Its application for the simultaneous determination of heavy metal ions. Anal Chem 75:1123–1129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ardakani MM, Kashani MK, Niasari MS, Ensafi AA (2005) lead ion selective electrode prepared by sol-gel and PVC membrane techniques. 107:438–445

  31. Takeuchi RM, Santos AL, Medeiros MJ, Stradiotto NR (2009) Copper determination in ethanol fuel samples by anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold microelectrode. Microchim Acta 164:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cigala RM, Crea F, Stefano CD, Lando G, Milea D, Sammartano S (2010) Electrochemical study on the stability of phytate complexes with Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Ni2+: A comparison of different techniques. J Chem Engg Data 55:4757–4767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from DST No SR/S3/ME/025/2008, and technical support from Advanced Characterization Centre, IISc.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India

    Prajwal Kumar, Alex Joseph, Praveen C. Ramamurthy & Sankaran Subramanian

Authors
  1. Prajwal Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alex Joseph
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Praveen C. Ramamurthy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sankaran Subramanian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Praveen C. Ramamurthy.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOC 2370 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kumar, P., Joseph, A., Ramamurthy, P.C. et al. Lead ion sensor with electrodes modified by imidazole-functionalized polyaniline. Microchim Acta 177, 317–323 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0787-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0787-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation