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Extraction of phenolic compounds from environmental water samples using oil-in-water emulsions

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Abstract

A fast, sensitive and simple oil-in-water emulsion (OWE) method was developed for extraction of four phenolic pollutants in environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. In this method, the density of a binary organic solvent (one heavier and one lighter than the sample) was balanced with the density of the sample solution. A stable emulsion was formed at room temperature under vigorous stirring using a Teflon-coated magnetic stirring bar. After addition of 10 µL of the heavier organic solvent and centrifugation, phase separation occurred. The influence of several important parameters on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds was evaluated. Under optimized experimental conditions, the calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range 0.025–20 mg L−1 with coefficients of determination more than 0.9994. The limits of detection and quantification were in the range 19.2–76.0 and 64.1–251.0 μg L−1, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5.0 %. The procedure was used for the determination of phenolic compounds in spiked water samples with good results. Recoveries range from 96.5 to 103.0%, and relative standard deviations are <2.5% (for n = 3).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, 69315-516, Iran

    Ali Daneshfar & Tahere Khezeli

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  1. Ali Daneshfar
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  2. Tahere Khezeli
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Correspondence to Ali Daneshfar.

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Table S1

Characteristic parameters of the calibration equations for the proposed oil-in-water emulsion method for simultaneous analysis of phenolic compounds. (DOC 23 kb)

Table S2

Results from determination of within-day and between-day precision of phenolic compounds. (DOC 41 kb)

Fig. S1

Effect of stirring speed on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds. Extraction conditions: sample volume = 5 mL aqueous solution containing 2% NaCl and 0.01 mol L−1 HCl (pH 2); heavier phase volume = 20.2 µL CCl4; lighter phase volume = 79.8 µL of butyl acetate; extraction time = 1 min; temperature = 23°C. (DOC 184 kb)

Fig. S2

Effect of temperature on the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds. Extraction conditions: sample volume = 5 mL aqueous solution containing 2% NaCl and 0.01 mol L−1 HCl (pH 2); heavier phase volume = 20.2 µL CCl4; lighter phase volume = 79.8 µL of butyl acetate; stirring rate = 700 rpm; extraction time = 1 min. (DOC 181 kb)

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Daneshfar, A., Khezeli, T. Extraction of phenolic compounds from environmental water samples using oil-in-water emulsions. Microchim Acta 167, 211–216 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0242-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0242-3

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