Abstract
A method was developed for in vitro dissolution and ICP-AES based determination of cadmium (Cd) for evaluating its bioaccessibility in herbal medicines to investigate the utility of this test for toxicological assessments. The bioaccessible Cd content of five commonly consumed and Cd-accumulating herbal medicines was determined by in vitro dissolution test with a biorelevant medium simulating gastric conditions. Cd levels were determined by a validated ICP-AES method. In all 5 herbal medicines, the total amount of Cd in herbal medicines was not proportional to the bioaccessible Cd content, which varied from 23.0% to 54.9%. The Cd tolerance limit was exceeded by four of the five herbal medicines in terms of total Cd content, but by only one of these in terms of bioaccessible Cd content. Assessments based on total content may overestimate the risk of Cd toxicity from herbal medicines. Assessing bioaccessibility by in vitro dissolution test coupled with ICP-AES method may be a more appropriate means of determining the safety of herbal medicines containing Cd.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Peijnenburg WJ, Jager T (2003) Monitoring approaches to assess bioaccessibility and bioavailability of metals: matrix issues. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:63–77
Rietjens IM, Slob W, Galli C, Silano V (2008) Risk assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food and food supplements: emerging issues. Toxicol Letters 180:131–6
United Nations Environmental Programme (2008) Interim review of scientific information on Cd. UNEP chemicals branch, Genova. Available at http://www.chem.unep.ch/Pb_and_CD/SR/Interim_reviews_March2008.htm. Accessed 6 Jul 2009
Joint FAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme (2008) General standard for contaminants and toxins in foods. Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome. Available at http://www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/17/CXS_193e.pdf. Accessed 6 Jul 2009
Peijnenburg WJGM, Jager T (2003) Monitoring approaches to assess bioaccessibility and bioavailability of metals: matrix issues. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:63–77
Reeves PG, Chaney RL (2008) Bioavailability as an issue in risk assessment and management of food cadmium: a review. Sci Total Environ 398:13–9
World Health Organization (2006) Environmental health criteria 234: Elemental speciation in human health risk assessment. WHO, Genova
Azarmi S, Roa W, Lobenberg R (2007) Current perspectives in dissolution testing of conventional and novel dosage forms. Int J Pharm 328:12–21
Dokoumetzidis A, Macheras P (2006) A century of dissolution research: from Noyes and Whitney to the biopharmaceutics classification system. Int J Pharm 321:1–11
Dressman J, Krämer J (2005) Pharmaceutical dissolution testing. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
European Pharmacopoeia Commission (2008) European pharmacopoeia 6.0 <2.9.3> dissolution test for solid dosage forms. Council of Europe
Pickering WF (2002) Chemical speciation in the environment, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford
Baxter DC, Rodushkin I (2003) Sample Preparation for Trace Element Analysis. Elsevier, Amsterdam
European Pharmacopoeia Commission (2008) European pharmacopoeia 6.0 <2.2.57> Inductive coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Council of Europe
Health Canada (2007) Evidence for quality of finished natural health products. Natural Health Products Directorate, Ottawa. Available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/prodnatur/eq-paq-eng.pdf. Accessed 6 Jul 2009
NSF International (2003) NSF international standard/ American national standard on dietary supplements (SF/ANSI 173-2003). NSF International, Ann Arber
Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2005) Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. People’s Medical Publishing House
Cornelis R, Caruso J, Crews H, Heumann K (2003) Handbook of elemental speciation: techniques and methodology. Wiley, Chichester
Caussy D, Gochfeld M, Gurzau E, Neagu C, Ruedel H (2003) Lessons from case studies of metals: investigating exposure, bioavailability, and risk. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:45–51
Arpadjan S, Celik G, Taskesen S, Gucer S (2008) Arsenic, cadmium and lead in medicinal herbs and their fractionation. Food Chem Toxicol 46:2871–5
National Research Council (2003) Bioavailability of contaminants in soils and sediments: processes, tools, and applications. National Academies, Washington D.C.
Kelley ME, Brauning SE, Schoof RA, Ruby MV (2002) Assessing oral bioavailability of metals in soil. Battelle, Columbus
Baker S, Herrchen M, Hund-Rinke K, Klein W, Kordel W, Peijnenburg W et al (2003) Underlying issues including approaches and information needs in risk assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:6–19
Caruso JA, Klaue B, Michalke B, Rocke DM (2003) Group assessment: elemental speciation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:32–44
Hund-Rinke K, Kordel W (2003) Underlying issues in bioaccessibility and bioavailability: experimental methods. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:52–62
Robson M (2003) Methodologies for assessing exposures to metals: human host factors. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 56:104–9
Hays SM, Nordberg M, Yager JW, Aylward LL (2008) Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) dossier for cadmium (Cd) (CAS No. 7440-43-9). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:S49–56
Cornelis R, Caruso J, Crews H, Heumann K (2005) Handbook of elemental speciation II: species in the environment, food, medicine & occupational health. Wiley, Chichester
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2009 (KHU-20090598).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, DH., Lee, YJ. Determination of cadmium bioaccessibility in herbal medicines and safety assessment by in vitro dissolution and ICP-AES. Microchim Acta 167, 117 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0222-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0222-7