Abstract
The dynamic mechanical behavior of frozen rock with a flaw is essential for plateau alpine region mining. However, the freezing temperature’s strengthening and damage mechanism on dynamic strength is still unclear. Drop weight impact tests (single factor) and orthogonal tests (3 factors and 5 levels) were used to examine the influence of flaw dip angle (β), impact height (H), and freezing temperature (T) on the dynamic response of frozen sandstone in plateau alpine region. Different factors’ effect on peak strain and failure mode was compared, as well as a significant analysis of three factors’ influence on peak strain. The results reveal that with the increase of β, the ultimate strain (εu) of sandstone shows a ‘M’ type variation, while the linear increase of εu occurs with the increase of H and the decrease of T. At the same time, β and T have a substantial effect on εu, and T has a significant influence on the occurrence time of εu. In addition, tensile failure is the failure mode of sandstone with tensile cracks mainly parallel to the direction of impact. Moreover, a two-dimensional particle flow code was used to supply the stress–strain curve, cracking process, and energy absorption characteristics. The obvious rebound phenomenon can be observed, and the peak stress increases with the increase of H and decreases as β and T increase. Furthermore, the energy usage rate has a linear relationship with β and T, but it decreases first and then increases as impact energy increases. At the end, the effect of the strengthening mechanism of T on single-flaw sandstone dynamic strength and the damage evolution was discussed. The effect of pore ice is primarily responsible for the strength enhancement of frozen sandstone, but the frost heave damage at a certain T (− 20 °C) will inhibit the strength growth. The damage constitutive model based on logistic function can accurately describe the stress–strain properties of single-flaw frozen sandstone before εu.
Highlights
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The dynamic mechanical responses of single flaw frozen sandstone were studied by drop weight impact tests and numerical simulation.
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The influence of flaw dip angle, impact height and freezing temperature on peak strain, stress, and energy consumption were revealed.
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The strengthening mechanism of freezing temperature on dynamic strength was discussed.
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The frost heave damage formed at a certain freezing temperature (– 20 °C) will inhibit the growth of strength.
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Data Availability
Data used and analyzed in this study are available from the corresponding author by request.
Abbreviations
- β, H, T :
-
Flaw dip angle, impact height, and freezing temperature, respectively
- ε u :
-
Ultimate strain
- EUR:
-
Energy usage rate
- STHC:
-
Strain time history curve
- AE:
-
Acoustic emission
- NMR:
-
Nuclear magnetic resonance
- E :
-
Impact energy
- E 0 :
-
Initial elastic modulus
- D :
-
Damage
- D 0 :
-
Frost heave damage
- N, N max :
-
Number and maximum number of AE hits, respectively
- n 0, n 1, n 2 :
-
Initial, post-freezing and post-freeze–thaw sandstone porosities
- Tw, Taw :
-
Wing crack and anti-wing crack
- Tv :
-
Vertical tensile crack
- Top :
-
Out-of-plane tensile crack
- Tf :
-
Far-field tensile crack
- Sco :
-
Coplanar secondary crack
- Sso :
-
Oblique secondary crack
- Sop :
-
Out-of-plane shear crack
- a 1, a 2 :
-
Material parameters
- σ c, ε c :
-
The peak stress and the corresponding strain
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51974055, 42122052, 42177168 and 42077263), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. DUT20GJ216), the Joint Fund of Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (Grant No. 2021JLM-11), the supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (GrantNo.202001AT070150) and the Fund of China Petroleum Technology and Innovation (Grant No. 2020D-5007-0302).
Funding
This article is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, 51974055, Ke Ma, 42122052, Ke Ma, 42177168, Ke Ma, 42077263, Ke Ma, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, DUT20GJ216, Ke Ma, Joint Fund of Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province, 2021JLM-11, Ke Ma, Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects, 202001AT070150, Ke Ma, and Fund of China Petroleum Technology and Innovation, 2020D-5007-0302, Ke Ma.
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Ma, K., Ren, F., Wang, H. et al. Dynamic Mechanical Responses and Freezing Strengthening Mechanism of Frozen Sandstone with Single Flaw: Insights from Drop Weight Tests and Numerical Simulation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 57, 1263–1285 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03614-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03614-7