Abbreviations
- CAI:
-
Cerchar abrasivity index [–]
- CAR:
-
Cerchar abrasion ratio [–]
- d :
-
Wear flat on the stylus tip [mm]
- h :
-
Height reduction on the stylus tip [mm]
- V m :
-
Volume of removed material on the rock surface [mm3]
- V s :
-
Wear volume on the stylus tip [mm3]
References
Al-Ameen SI, Waller MD (1994) The influence of rock strength and abrasive mineral content on the Cerchar Abrasive Index. Eng Geol 36:293–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90010-8
Alber M (2008) Stress dependency of the Cerchar abrasivity index (CAI) and its effects on wear of selected rock cutting tools. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 23:351–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.05.008
Alber M, Yaral\i O, Dahl F, et al (2015) ISRM suggested method for determining the abrasivity of rock by the Cerchar abrasivity test. In: Ulusay R (ed) The ISRM suggested methods for rock characterization, testing and monitoring: 2007-2014. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 101–106
Atkinson RH (1993) 5—hardness tests for rock characterization. In: Hudson JA (ed) Rock testing and site characterization. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 105–117
Burwell JT (1957) Survey of possible wear mechanisms. Wear 1:119–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(57)90005-4
Cerchar (1986) Centre d’Etudes et des Recherches des Charbonages de France. Verneuil
Gahr K-HZ (1998) Wear by hard particles. Tribol Int 31:587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(98)00079-6
Hamzaban M-T, Memarian H, Rostami J, Ghasemi-Monfared H (2014) Study of rock–pin interaction in Cerchar abrasivity test. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 72:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.09.007
Khruschov MM (1974) Principles of abrasive wear. Wear 28:69–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(74)90102-1
Moore MA (1974) A review of two-body abrasive wear. Wear 27:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(74)90080-5
NF P94-430-1 (2000) Roches—determination du pouvoir abrasif d’une roche—Partie 1: Essai de rayure avec une pointe. Paris
Piazzetta GR, Lagoeiro LE, Figueira IFR et al (2018) Identification of abrasion regimes based on mechanisms of wear on the steel stylus used in the Cerchar abrasiveness test. Wear 410–411:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.07.009
Souissi S, Hamdi E, Sellami H (2015) Microstructure effect on hard rock damage and fracture during indentation process. Geotech Geol Eng 33:1539–1550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-015-9920-6
Suana M, Peters T (1982) Cerchar abrasivity index and its relation to rock mineralogy and petrography: Rock Mech, V15, N1, June 1982, P1–8. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 19:129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(82)91413-9
Thuro K, Plinninger RJ (2002) Klassifizierung und Prognose von Leistung- und Verschleissparametern im Tunnelbau. Taschenbuch für den Tunnelbau 27. Dt. Ges. für Geotechnik e.V, Essen, pp 62–126
Wang Y, Hsu SM (1996) Wear and wear transition mechanisms of ceramics. Wear 195:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(95)06800-7
West G (1989) Rock abrasiveness testing for tunnelling. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 26:151–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)90003-X
West G (1986) Relation between abrasiveness and quartz content for some coal measures sediment. Short communication: West, G Int J Min Geol Engng V4, N1, March 1986, P73–78. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 23:240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)92514-3
Zhang G, Konietzky H, Frühwirt T (2020a) Investigation of scratching specific energy in the Cerchar abrasivity test and its application for evaluating rock-tool interaction and efficiency of rock cutting. Wear 448–449:203218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2020.203218
Zhang G, Konietzky H, Song Z, Zhang M (2020b) Study of Cerchar abrasive parameters and their relations to intrinsic properties of rocks for construction. Constr Build Mater 244:118327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118327
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Dr. Thomas Fruehwirt, Mr. Gerd Muenzberger and Mrs. Beatrice Tauch from the rock mechanical laboratory at TU Bergakademie Freiberg for support in conducting the experiments. Special thanks to Dr. Patrick Gehre and Dr. Mathias Klinger for providing the useful testing apparatuses.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, G., Konietzky, H. Cerchar Abrasion Ratio (CAR) as a New Indicator for Assessing Rock Abrasivity, Rock–Stylus Interaction and Cutting Efficiency. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 3363–3371 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02112-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02112-4