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Fracture Characteristics of Orebody Rock with Varied Grade Under Dynamic Brazilian Tests

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Abstract

In mining engineering, the grade of the orebody significantly influences mining activities. Typically, the grade of completed mine sequences can be used to estimate the yearly mine’s production and profit. However, the strength of orebody varies in different parts of the mine, as demonstrated by the requirement for different blast design. The degree of rock fragmentation cannot be accurately predicted after production blasts; in addition, secondary breakage of oversized rock affects the mining plan. In this study, split Hopkinson pressure bar tests were conducted to obtain the dynamic tensile strength and fracture energy of orebody rock having different grades. The fracture surfaces were obtained using a 3D scanner and surface roughness was estimated on the basis of fractal dimensions. The failure process of ore rock was reproduced through the flat-joint model (FJM) in PFC2D on the basis of microscopic and macroscopic images of the fracture surface using a special FJM structure. Physical experiments and numerical simulations indicated that the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of the orebody rock vary with its grade. This difference should be considered during mining activities, specifically in blast and draw point designs.

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Abbreviations

\(\varepsilon_{{\text{i}}}\) :

Incident wave

\(\varepsilon_{{\text{r}}}\) :

Reflected wave

\(\varepsilon_{{\text{t}}}\) :

Transmitted wave

\(P_{1}\), \(P_{2}\) :

Forces at the two bar/specimen interfaces

A :

Bars’ cross-sectional area

E :

Bars’ Young’s modulus

\(P\left( t \right)\) :

The mean force applied to the specimen

\(\sigma_{{{\text{ten}}}} \left( t \right)\) :

The tensile stress at the sample center

d :

Diameter of the disk

t :

Thickness of the disk

\(W_{{\text{i}}}\) :

Energy of the incident stress wave

\(W_{{\text{r}}}\) :

Energy of the reflected stress wave

\(W_{{\text{t}}}\) :

Energy of the transmitted stress wave

C :

Wave velocity of the bars

\(W_{{\text{l}}}\) :

Energy absorbed by a rock specimen

\(W_{{{\text{fd}}}}\) :

Fracture and damage energy of the rock specimen

\(W_{{\text{k}}}\) :

Kinetic energy of flying fragments

\(W_{{\text{o}}}\) :

Other energy

\(v_{1}\), \(v_{2}\) :

Flying speed of two fragments

m :

Mass of the intact disk

D :

Fractal dimension

\(\sigma_{{\max}}^{{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}}\) :

The maximum normal stress

\(\tau_{{\max}}^{{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}}\) :

The maximum shear stress

\(F_{{\text{n}}}^{{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}}\) :

Normal forces acting at the element

\(F_{{\text{s}}}^{{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}}\) :

Shear forces acting at the element

\(A^{{\left( {\text{e}} \right)}}\) :

Area of the element

\(\varphi_{{\text{b}}}\) :

Fractions of bonded contacts

\(\varphi_{{\text{g}}}\) :

Fractions of gapped contacts

\(\varphi_{{\text{s}}}\) :

Fractions of slit contacts

\(E_{{{\text{st}}}}\) :

Strain energy

\(E_{{{\text{sl}}}}\) :

Slip energy

E r :

Young’s modulus of rock

μ :

Poisson’s ratio of rock

\(F_{{\text{i}}}^{^{\prime}} \left( t \right)\) :

The force in the incident bar model

\(F_{t}^{^{\prime}} \left( t \right)\) :

The force in the transmitted bar model

\(\sigma_{{\text{i}}}^{^{\prime}} \left( t \right)\) :

The stress in the incident bar model

\(\sigma_{{\text{t}}}^{^{\prime}} \left( t \right)\) :

The stress in the transmitted bar model

\(\sigma_{{{\text{ten}}}}^{^{\prime}} \left( t \right)\) :

Tensile stress in the PFC2D model

\(F_{{\text{i}}} \left( t \right)\) :

The force in the incident bar

\(\sigma_{{\text{i}}} \left( t \right)\) :

The stress in the incident bar

FJM:

Flat-joint model

SHPB:

Split Hopkinson pressure bar

DIC:

Digital image correlation

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

COD:

Crack-opening displacement

AOI:

Area of interest

PFC:

Particle flow code

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

UCS/TS:

Unconfined compressive-strength-to-tensile-strength ratio

PBM:

Parallel bond model

BTS:

Brazilian tensile strength

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51674015).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mine, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China

    Bing Liu, Yong-Tao Gao & Ai-Bing Jin

  2. NBK Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Davide Elmo

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  1. Bing Liu
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  2. Yong-Tao Gao
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Correspondence to Ai-Bing Jin.

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Liu, B., Gao, YT., Jin, AB. et al. Fracture Characteristics of Orebody Rock with Varied Grade Under Dynamic Brazilian Tests. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 2381–2398 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02048-9

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