Abstract
This paper describes a systematic method with high accuracy and efficiency to scientifically analyse the long-term stability and deformation behaviour of an anhydrite mine-out located in Anhui, South China and evaluate the feasibility of this mine-out as an underground crude oil storage space. Applying the particle swarm optimization algorithm, the parameters of Burgers creep model of anhydrite rock were obtained based on the uniaxial compressive creep test. Considering the results of numerical simulation, element safety factor (Esf) based on the Mohr’s strength theory was introduced and modified to quantificationally evaluate the long-term stability of cavern group. Combining field monitoring, the long-term deformation behaviour of the mine-out was analysed. The results show that the mine-out has good long-term stability and non-deformability. After 100 years of natural deformation, the vertical convergence deformation of the cavern is less than 500 mm, while lateral convergence deformation is less than 450 mm. The ground settlement is not more than 234 mm. The maximum loss rate of the space volume is no more than 5.38%, which is 4.75% under the condition of crude oil storage with 1.0 MPa internal pressure. Therefore, the mine-out has the potential to serve as an underground crude oil storage space.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- \(\varphi\) :
-
Objective function of the fitness value
- T :
-
Test time in the whole creep test
- \(N_{t}\) :
-
Grade number of loads at time t, positive integers greater than or equal to 1
- \(t_{n}\) :
-
Beginning time of the nth level load, defined as the beginning time of the first-grade load, which is 0
- \(\varepsilon_{{n\left( {t - t_{n} } \right)}} \left( {X,\Delta \sigma } \right)\) :
-
Strain theoretical value at time t of the nth level load, X is the set of model parameters, varying according to the chosen creep model, and \(t - t_{n}\) is the lasting time of nth level load
- \(\varepsilon_{{{\text{e}}t}}\) :
-
Strain experimental data at time t
- \(\Delta \sigma\) :
-
Stress increment
- \(\sigma_{0}\) :
-
Stress
- \(\sigma_{1} , \sigma_{2} , \sigma_{3}\) :
-
First, second and third principal stress, respectively
- \(G_{1} , G_{2}\) :
-
Shear modulus of Burgers model
- \(\eta_{1} , \eta_{2}\) :
-
Viscosity coefficient of Burgers model
- K :
-
Bulk modulus of rock
- G :
-
Shear modulus of rock
- E :
-
Young’s modulus of rock
- \(\mu\) :
-
Poisson’s ratio
- \(E_{\text{fos}}\) :
-
Element safety factor, which is defined in this paper
- \(\sigma_{\text{s}}\) :
-
Material strength in Mohr’s strength theory
- \(\sigma_{\text{tRM}}\) :
-
Tensile strength of surrounding rock
References
Baar C (1977) Applied salt-rock mechanics. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
Boucly P, Legreneur J (1981) Hydrocarbon storage in cavities leached out of salt formations. Subsurf Sp 1:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-8421-7.50042-9
Chen HR, Qin SQ, Xue L, Yang BC, Zhang K (2017a) A physical model predicting instability of rock slopes with locked segments along a potential slip surface. Eng Geol 242:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2018.05.012
Chen LW, Li SJ, Zhang KX, Liu YX (2017b) Secondary development and application of the NP-T creep model based on FLAC3D. Arab J Geosci 10:508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3301-9
Cristescu ND, Hunsche U (1998) Time effect in rock mechanics. Wiley, New York
Deng JQ, Yang Q, Liu YR (2014) Time-dependent behavior and stability evaluation of gas storage caverns in salt rock based on deformation reinforcement theory. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 42:277–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TUST.2014.03.014
Feng XT, Chen BR, Yang CX, Zhou H, Ding XL (2006) Identification of visco-elastic models for rocks using genetic programming coupled with the modified particle swarm optimization algorithm. Int J Rock Mech Min 43(5):789–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2005.12.010
Fliervoet TF, Drury MR, Chopra PN (1999) Crystallographic preferred orientations and misorientations in some olivine rocks deformed by diffusion or dislocation creep. Tectonophysics 303(303):1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00250-9
Gan L, Shen X, Zhang H (2017) New deformation back analysis method for the creep model parameters using finite element nonlinear method. Cluster Comput 20(S1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10586-017-1049-3
Gooch JW (2011) Boltzmann superposition principle. In: Gooch JW (ed) Encyclopedic dictionary of polymers. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1474
Grgic D, Giraud A (2014) The influence of different fluids on the static fatigue of a porous rock: poro-mechanical coupling versus chemical effects. Mech Mater 71(71):34–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MECHMAT.2013.06.011
Griggs DT (1939) Creep of rocks. J Geol 47:225–251
Hangx SJT, Spiers CJ, Peach CJ (2010) Mechanical behavior of anhydrite caprock and implications for CO2 sealing capacity. J Geophys Res-Solid. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.518
Hasanipanah M, Amnieh HB, Arab H, Zamzaam MS (2016) Feasibility of PSO–ANFIS model to estimate rock fragmentation produced by mine blasting. Neural Comput Appl. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-016-2746-1
Hu KF, Feng Q, Li H, Hu Q (2017) Study on creep characteristics and constitutive model for Thalam rock mass with fracture in tunnel. Geotech Geol Eng 7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10706-017-0357-Y
Jiang AN, Wen ZW (2011) Optimizing supporting parameters of metro tunnel based on improved particle swarm optimization arithmetic. Procedia Eng 15:4857–4861. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2011.08.906
Kabir P, Ulm FJ, Akono AT (2017) Rate-independent fracture toughness of gray and black kerogen-rich shales. Acta Geotech 12(6):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11440-017-0562-0
Kennedy J, Eberhart RC (1995) Particle swarm optimization. Proc ICNN’95 Int Conf Neural Netw. https://doi.org/10.1109/icnn.1995.488968
Khaledi K, Mahmoudi E, Datcheva M, Schanz T (2016) Stability and serviceability of underground energy storage caverns in rock salt subjected to mechanical cyclic loading. Int J Rock Mech Min 86:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2016.04.010
Kontogianni VA, Stiros SC (2005) Induced deformation during tunnel excavation: evidence from geodetic monitoring. Eng Geol 79(1):115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2004.10.012
Kontogianni V, Psimoulis P, Stiros S (2006) What is the contribution of time-dependent deformation in tunnel convergence? Eng Geol 82(4):264–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.11.001
Maranini E, Brignoli M (1999) Creep behavior of a weak rock: experimental characterization. Int J Rock Mech Min 36(1):127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(98)00171-5
Marnainri E, Yamaguehi T (2001) A non-associated viscoplastic model for the behaviour of granite in triaxial compression. Mech Mater 33(5):283–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6636(01)00052-7
Minde MW, Wang W, Madland MV, Zimmermann U, Korsnes RI, Bertolino SRA, Andersen P (2018) Temperature effects on rock engineering properties and rock-fluid chemistry in opal-CT-bearing chalk. J Petrol Sci Eng 169:454–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.05.072
Munson DE (1997) Constitutive model of creep in rock salt applied to underground room closure. Int J Rock Mech Min 34(2):233–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(96)00047-2
Singh TN, Verma AK (2005) Prediction of creep characteristic of rock under varying environment. Environ Geol 48(4–5):559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00254-005-1312-4
Sun GH, Huang YY, Li CG, Zhang H (2016) Formation mechanism, deformation characteristics and stability analysis of Wujiang landslide near Centianhe reservoir dam. Eng Geol 211:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2016.06.025
Tang MM, Wang ZY (2008) Experimental study on rheological deformation and stress properties of limestone. J Cent South Univ Technol 15(s1):475–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11771-008-0403-2
Vollenweider U (1984) Beckenried viaduct: foundation problems in a creeping slope. Rock Mech Rock Eng 17(4):197–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01032334
Wang SJ (1981) On the mechanism and process of slope deformation in an open pit mine. Rock Mechanics 13(3):145–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01239035
Wang JA, Li DZ, Shang XC (2012) Creep failure of roof stratum above mined-out area. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(4):533–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00603-011-0216-8
Wang HX, Zhang B, Fu D, Abisai N (2018) Stability and airtightness of a deep anhydrite cavern group used as an underground storage space: a case study. Comput Geotech 96:12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.10.013
Xiong LX, Yang DL (2010) Viscoelasto-plastic rheological model for brittle hard rock. J Tongji Univ (Natural Science) 38(2):188–193. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2010.02.007
Xu WY, Yang SQ, Chu WJ (2006) Nonlinear viscoelasto-plastic rheological model (Hohai Model) of rock and its engineering application. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 25(3):433–447 (in Chinese)
Yang HL, Peng JH (2015) Monitoring urban subsidence with multi-master radar interferometry based on coherent targets. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 43(3):529–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-014-0434-0
Yang SQ, Jing HW, Cheng L (2014) Influences of pore pressure on short-term and creep mechanical behavior of red sandstone. Eng Geol 179(10):10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2014.06.016
Yang SQ, Xu P, Ranjith PG (2015) Damage model of coal under creep and triaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min 80:337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJRMMS.2015.10.006
Zhang ZL, Xu WY, Wang W, Wang RB (2012) Triaxial creep tests of rock from the compressive zone of dam foundation in Xiangjiaba Hydropower Station. Int J Rock Mech Min 50(35):133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.01.003
Zhang B, Zhang LZ, Yang HL, Zhang ZJ, Tao JL (2016a) Subsidence prediction and susceptibility zonation for collapse above goaf with thick alluvial cover: a case study of the Yongcheng coalfield, Henan Province, China. Bull Eng Geol Environ 75:1117–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0834-6
Zhang L, Liu YR, Yang Q (2016b) Study on time-dependent behavior and stability assessment of deep-buried tunnels based on internal state variable theory. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 51:164–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TUST.2015.10.042
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 41972300, 41572301 and 40902086), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (no. 2652018108) and the program of China Scholarships Council.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, H., Zhang, B., Yu, X. et al. Long-Term Stability and Deformation Behaviour of Anhydrite Mine-Out for Crude Oil Storage. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 1719–1735 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02003-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02003-3