Abstract
Pillar burst is one type of rockburst that occurs in underground mines. Simulating the stress change and obtaining insight into the pillar burst phenomenon under laboratory conditions are essential for studying the rock behavior during pillar burst in situ. To study the failure mechanism, a novel experimental technique was proposed and a series of tests were conducted on some granite specimens using a true-triaxial strainburst test system. Acoustic emission (AE) sensors were used to monitor the rock fracturing process. The damage evolution process was investigated using techniques such as macro and micro fracture characteristics observation, AE energy evolution, and b value analysis and fractal dimension analysis of cracks on fragments. The obtained results indicate that stepped loading and unloading simulated the pillar burst phenomenon well. Four deformation stages are divided as initial stress state, unloading step I, unloading step II, and final burst. It is observed that AE energy has a sharp increase at the initial stress state, accumulates slowly at unloading steps I and II, and increases dramatically at peak stress. Meanwhile, the mean b values fluctuate around 3.50 for the first three deformation stages and then decrease to 2.86 at the final stage, indicating the generation of a large amount of macro fractures. Before the test, the fractal dimension values are discrete and mainly vary between 1.10 and 1.25, whereas after failure the values concentrate around 1.25–1.35.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alejano LR, Taboada J, García-Bastante F, Rodriguez P (2008) Multi-approach back-analysis of a roof bed collapse in a mining room excavated in stratified rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 45(6):899–913
Baud P, Wong TF, Zhu W (2014) Effects of porosity and crack density on the compressive strength of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 67:202–211
Blake W (1972) Rock-burst mechanics. Q Colo Sch Mines (United States) 67(1)
Cai M (2008) Influence of stress path on tunnel excavation response—numerical tool selection and modeling strategy. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 23:618–628
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Tasaka Y, Maejima T, Morioka H, Minami M (2004) Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(5):833–847
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Morioka H, Minami M, Maejima T, Tasaka Y, Kurose H (2007) FLAC/PFC coupled numerical simulation of AE in large-scale underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(4):550–564
Carpinteri A, Corrado M, Lacidogna G (2012) Three different approaches for damage domain characterization in disordered materials: fractal energy density, b-value statistics, renormalization group theory. Mech Mater 53:15–28
Cheon DS, Jung YB, Park ES (2011) Evaluation of damage level for rock slopes using acoustic emission technique with waveguides. Eng Geol 121(1):75–88
Cook NGW (1965) A note on rockbursts considered as a problem of stability. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 65:437–446
Curtis JF (1981) Rockburst phenomena in the gold mines of the Witwatersrand: a review. Inst Min Met Trans 90:163–176
Ge XR (2004) Macro and micro experimental study on damage mechanics of soil (in Chinese)
Girard L, Gruber S, Weber S, Beutel J (2013) Environmental controls of frost cracking revealed through in situ acoustic emission measurements in steep bedrock. Geophys Res Lett 40(9):1748–1753
Guo R, Pan CL (2003) Theory and technology of hard-rock burst-prone mining [M]
He MC, Zhao F (2013) Laboratory study of unloading rate effects on rockburst. Disaster Adv 6(9):11–18
He MC, Miao JL, Li DJ, Wang CG (2007) Experimental study on rockburst processes of granite specimen at great depth. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 26:865–876 (in Chinese)
He MC, Miao JL, Feng JL (2010) Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:286–298
He M, Xia H, Jia X, Gong W, Zhao F, Liang K (2012a) Studies on classification, criteria and control of rockbursts. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 4(2):97–114
He MC, Nie W, Zhao ZY, Guo W (2012b) Experimental investigation of bedding plane orientation on the rockburst behavior of sandstone. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(3):311–326
Hedley DGF (1992) Rockburst handbook for Ontario hardrock mines. CANMET Special Report SP92-1E
Jaiswal A, Shrivastva BK (2009) Numerical simulation of coal pillar strength. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 46(4):779–788
Kaiser PK, Tannant DD, McCreath DR (1996) Canadian rockburst support handbook. Geomechanics Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury
Kaiser PK, Yazici S, Maloney S (2001) Mining-induced stress change and consequences of stress path on excavation stability—a case study. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(2):167–180
Kurz JH, Finck F, Grosse CU (2006) Stress drop and stress redistribution in concrete quantified over time by the b-value analysis. Struct Health Monit 5(1):69–81
Kushwaha A, Singh SK, Tewari S, Sinha A (2010) Empirical approach for designing of support system in mechanized coal pillar mining. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(7):1063–1078
Miao JL, He MC, Li DJ, Zeng FJ, Zhang X (2009) Acoustic emission characteristics of granite under strain rockburst test and its micro-fracture mechanism. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 28:1593–1603 (in Chinese)
Moradian ZA, Ballivy G, Rivard P, Gravel C, Rousseau B (2010) Evaluating damage during shear tests of rock joints using acoustic emissions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(4):590–598
Nejati HR, Ghazvinian A (2013) Brittleness effect on rock fatigue damage evolution. Rock Mech Rock Eng, 1–10
Pan Y (2004) Catastrophe theory analysis on rockburst in narrow coal pillar. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 23(11):1797–1803
Please CP (2013) Fracturing of an Euler–Bernoulli beam in coal mine pillar extraction. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:132–138
Poulsen BA (2010) Coal pillar load calculation by pressure arch theory and near field extraction ratio. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(7):1158–1165
Richter CF (1958) Elementary seismology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco
Sagar RV (2010) Verification of the applicability of lattice model to concrete fracture by AE study. Int J Fract 161(2):121–129
Sagar RV, Prasad BK, Kumar S-S (2012) An experimental study on cracking evolution in concrete and cement mortar by the b-value analysis of acoustic emission technique. Cem Concr Res 42(8):1094–1104
Sarkar K, Vishal V, Singh TN (2012) An empirical correlation of index geomechanical parameters with the compressional wave velocity. Geotech Geol Eng 30:469–479
Tang CA (2003) Numerical simulation on acoustic emission during pillar rock burst. Chin J Nonferrous Metals 13(3):754–759
Vishal V, Pradhan SP, Singh TN (2011) Tensile strength of rock under elevated temperatures. Geotech Geol Eng 29:1127–1133
Wang J-A, Park HD (2001) Comprehensive prediction of rockburst based on analysis of strain energy in rocks. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16(1):49–57
Wang T, Yan X, Yang H, Yang X (2011a) Stability analysis of the pillars between bedded salt cavern gas storages by cusp catastrophe model. Sci China Technol Sci 54(6):1615–1623
Wang H, Poulsen BA, Shen B (2011b) The influence of roadway backfill on the coal pillar strength by numerical investigation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 48(3):443–450
Wattimena RK (2013) Developing coal pillar stability chart using logistic regression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 58:55–60
Wong NY (2008) Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble. PhD Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Wong LNY, Zhang XP (2014) Size effects on cracking behavior of flaw-containing specimens under compressive loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47:1921–1930
Xie HP, Ju Y, Li LY (2005) Criteria for strength and structural failure of rocks based on energy dissipation and energy release principles. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 24(17):3003–3010
Xu LS (2003) Research on the experimental rock mechanics of rockburst under unloading condition. J Chongqing Jiao Tong Univ 22:1–4
Zhang H, Fu DH, Song HP (2014) Damage and fracture investigation of three-point bending notched sandstone beams by DIC and AE techniques. Rock Mech Rock Eng
Zhao ZG (2006) Analysis on influence factors of rock burst in narrow coal pillar. MNNG R & D 26(4):23–25 (in Chinese)
Zhao XG, Cai M, Wang J (2013) Damage stress and acoustic emission characteristics of the Beishan granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:258–269
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (51134005) and the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (40972196). Financial support from Projects (Nos. SKLGCUEK0916 and 80015Z675) are all appreciated. We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to the anonymous reviewer for their valuable modification suggestions on the significant improvement of this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, M.C., Zhao, F., Cai, M. et al. A Novel Experimental Technique to Simulate Pillar Burst in Laboratory. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48, 1833–1848 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0687-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0687-5