Abstract
Purpose
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) is difficult to treat by itself and due to its association with serious underlying diseases. It has a high rate of recurrence and often requires extended hospitalization. Therefore, we evaluated the outcome and risk factors associated with recurrence and extended hospitalization.
Methods
We retrospectively examined 61 patients with SSP, and evaluated the patients’ characteristics, underlying diseases, introduction of home oxygen therapy, Brinkman index, and X-ray imaging findings to determine the risk factors for recurrence and extended hospitalization.
Results
There were 28 patients (46.0%) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8 (13.1%) with interstitial pneumonia, 16 (26.2%) with massive emphysema, and 9 (14.8%) with other diseases. Adhesion and mediastinal shift visualized by X-ray imaging were observed in 37 (37.9%) and 25 patients (40.1%), respectively. Recurrence occurred in 25 patients (40.9%) and the average hospitalization duration was 14.5 days (±11.2). A multivariate analysis showed that adhesion on X-ray imaging was a significant risk factor for recurrence (odds ratio 4.90, 95% confidence interval 1.38–21.44) and mediastinal shift on X-ray imaging was a significant risk factor for extended hospitalization (odds ratio 6.05, 95% confidence interval 1.44–31.06).
Conclusions
Findings from X-ray imaging, and not underlying diseases, are risk factors for recurrence and extended hospitalization.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
The Japanese Respiratory Society. The fourth edition of the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) (in Japanese). Medical Review Co. Ltd: Tokyo; 2013.
The Japanese Respiratory Society. Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias: Diagnosis and Treatment, 3rd Edition (in Japanese). NANKODO Co. Ltd: Tokyo; 2016.
The Japanese Respiratory Society. Japanese Guideline for the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 2017 (in Japanese). NANKODO Co. Ltd: Tokyo; 2017.
Goddard PR, Nicholson EM, Laszlo G, Watt I. Computed tomography in pulmonary emphysema. Clin Radiol. 1982;33:379–87.
Kadowaki T, Hamada H, Miyoshi S, Hamaguchi N, Sakai K, Ito R, et al. Refractory pneumothorax secondary to lung cancer in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern Med. 2008;47:1251–4.
Shaikhrezai K, Thompson AI, Parkin C, Stamenkovic S, Walker WS. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery management of spontaneous pneumothorax—long-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:120–3.
Igai H, Kamiyoshihara M, Ibe T, Kawatani N, Shimizu K. Surgical treatment for elderly patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;64:267–72.
Uramoto H, Tanaka F. What is an appropriate material to use with a covering technique to prevent the recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax? J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;9:74.
Sayar A, Kök A, Citak N, Metin M, Büyükkale S, Gürses A. Size of pneumothorax can be a new indication for surgical treatment in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a prospective study. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;20:192–7.
Al-Mourgi M, Alshehri F. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for the treatment of first-time spontaneous pneumothorax versus conservative treatment. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2015;9:428–32.
Jeon HW, Kim YD, Kye YK, Kim KS. Air leakage on the postoperative day: powerful factor of postoperative recurrence after thoracoscopic bullectomy. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8:93–7.
Evman S, Alpay L, Metin S, Kıral H, Demir M, Yalçinsoy M, et al. The efficacy and economical benefits of blood patch pleurodesis in secondary spontaneous pneumothorax patients. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 2016;13:21–5.
Aihara K, Handa T, Nagai S, Tanizawa K, Watanabe K, Harada Y, et al. Efficacy of blood-patch pleurodesis for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax in interstitial lung disease. Intern Med. 2011;50:1157–62.
Elsayed HH, Hassaballa A, Ahmed T. Is video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery talc pleurodesis superior to talc pleurodesis via tube thoracostomy in patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2016;23:459–61.
Noppen M, Meysman M, d’Haese J, Monsieur I, Verhaeghe W, Schlesser M, et al. Comparison of video-assisted thoracoscopic talcage for recurrent primary versus persistent secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Eur Respir J. 1997;10:412–6.
Morikawa S, Okamura T, Minezawa T, Goto Y, Hayashi M, Yamaguchi T, et al. A simple method of bronchial occlusion with silicone spigots (Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot; EWS®) using a curette. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2016;10:518–24.
Mukaida T, Andou A, Date H, Aoe M, Shimizu N. Thoracoscopic operation for secondary pneumothorax under local and epidural anesthesia in high-risk patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:924–6.
Galvez C, Bolufer S, Navarro-Martinez J, Lirio F, Corcoles JM, Rodriguez-Paniagua JM. Non-intubated video-assisted thoracic surgery management of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3:104.
Noda M, Okada Y, Maeda S, Sado T, Sakurada A, Hoshikawa Y, et al. Is there a benefit of awake thoracoscopic surgery in patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:613–6.
Kim SJ, Lee HS, Kim HS, Shin HS, Lee JW, Kim KI, et al. Outcome of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous secondary pneumothorax. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;44:225–8.
Matsuoka K, Kuroda A, Kang A, Imanishi N, Nagai S, Ueda M, et al. Surgical results of video-assisted thoracic surgery and risk factors for prolonged hospitalization for secondary pneumothorax in elderly patients. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;19:18–23.
Park KT. The usefulness of two-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in low-risk patients with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax compared with open thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Med. 2014;9:29–32.
Isaka M, Asai K, Urabe N. Surgery for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: risk factors for recurrence and morbidity. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2013;17:247–52.
Ichinose J, Nagayama K, Hino H, Nitadori J, Anraku M, Murakawa T, et al. Results of surgical treatment for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax according to underlying diseases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49:1132–6.
Nakajima J, Takamoto S, Murakawa T, Fukami T, Yoshida Y, Kusakabe M. Outcomes of thoracoscopic management of secondary pneumothorax in patients with COPD and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Surg Endosc. 2009;23:1536–40.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the contributions of all of the surgeons and respiratory physicians who participated in this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saito, Y., Suzuki, Y., Demura, R. et al. The outcome and risk factors for recurrence and extended hospitalization of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Surg Today 48, 320–324 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-017-1585-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-017-1585-8