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Automated insulin delivery systems: from early research to routine care of type 1 diabetes

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Abstract

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, so-called closed-loop systems or artificial pancreas, are based upon the concept of insulin supply driven by blood glucose levels and their variations according to body glucose needs, glucose intakes and insulin action. They include a continuous glucose monitoring device which provides a signal to a control algorithm tuning insulin delivery from an infusion pump. The control algorithm is the key of the system since it commands insulin administration in order to maintain blood glucose in a predefined target range and close to a near-normal glucose level. The last two decades have shown dramatic advances toward the use in free life of AID systems for routine care of type 1 diabetes through step-by-step demonstrations of feasibility, safety and efficacy in successive hospital, transitional and outpatient trials. Because of the constraints of pharmacokinetics and dynamics of subcutaneous insulin delivery, the currently available AID systems are all ‘hybrid’ or ‘semi-automated’ insulin delivery systems with a need of meal and exercise announcements in order to anticipate rapid glucose variations through pre-meal bolus or pre-exercise reduction of infusion rate. Nevertheless, these AID systems significantly improve time spent in a near-normal range with a reduction of the risk of hypoglycemia and the mental load of managing diabetes in everyday life, representing a milestone in insulin therapy. Expected progression toward fully automated, further miniaturized and integrated, possibly implantable on long-term and more physiological closed-loop systems paves the way for a functional cure of type 1 diabetes.

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  1. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France

    Eric Renard

  2. INSERM Clinical Investigation Centre CIC 1411, Montpellier, France

    Eric Renard

  3. Department of Physiology, Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

    Eric Renard

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The author reports serving on advisory boards for Abbott, Dexcom Inc, Insulet, Sanofi, Roche Diabetes Care, Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, and received research support from Dexcom Inc and Tandem.

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Renard, E. Automated insulin delivery systems: from early research to routine care of type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 60, 151–161 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-022-01929-5

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