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Increased incidence of genital warts among women and men with type 1 diabetes compared with the general population—results from a nationwide registry-based, cohort study

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Abstract

Aims

To estimate the incidence rates of genital warts (GWs) in women and men with type 1 diabetes compared to persons without diabetes.

Methods

In this nationwide registry-based cohort study, we included the entire population aged 15 to 49 years living in Denmark between 1996 and 2016. From national registries, we retrieved individual level information on diabetes status, diagnoses and treatment of GWs, and potential confounding variables. We used Poisson regression to model sex- and age-specific incidence rates of GWs in persons with type 1 diabetes and persons without diabetes. Based on the models, we computed sex-specific incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of GWs in persons with type 1 diabetes compared to persons without diabetes, overall and according to age.

Results

The analysis included 3,514,824 persons without type 2 diabetes and no GW diagnoses before baseline. The incidence rate of GWs in persons with type 1 diabetes was higher than in those without diabetes, both among women (IRR = 1.59; 95% CI, 1.42–1.78) and men (IRR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.25–1.48). The pattern of increased incidence rates of GWs in persons with type 1 diabetes was seen at all ages.

Conclusions

Persons with type 1 diabetes have higher incidence rates of GWs than persons without diabetes. This supports the importance of HPV vaccination of young girls and boys with type 1 diabetes.

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Data availability

Individual level data for this study are not available for data sharing. The study protocol, including data management plan and statistical analysis plan, is available upon request.

Abbreviations

CI:

Confidence interval

GWs:

Genital warts

HPV:

Human papillomavirus

IRR:

Incidence rate ratio

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant from Mermaid II.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark

    K. Reinholdt, C. Munk, L. T. Thomsen & S. K. Kjaer

  2. Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark

    C. Dehlendorff

  3. Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    B. Carstensen & M. E. Jørgensen

  4. Department of Gynecology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

    S. K. Kjaer

  5. University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    M. E. Jørgensen

Authors
  1. K. Reinholdt
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  2. C. Munk
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  3. L. T. Thomsen
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  4. C. Dehlendorff
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  5. B. Carstensen
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  6. M. E. Jørgensen
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  7. S. K. Kjaer
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Contributions

KR contributed to methodology, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization, project administration. CM contributed to methodology, investigation, writing—review and editing. LTT contributed to methodology, investigation, data curation, writing—review and editing. CD contributed to methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—review and editing, visualization. BC contributed to software, validation, resources, data curation, writing—review and editing. MEJ contributed to validation, resources, writing—review and editing. SKK contributed to conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. K. Kjaer.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Dr. Kjær has received lectures fees from Merck and a research grant through her institution from Merck. Dr. Jørgensen has received research grants from Astra Zeneca, Sanofi Aventis, AMGEN, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk and holds shares in Novo Nordisk A/S. Dr. Carstensen holds shares in Novo Nordisk A/S and has received lecture and consultancy fees from Novo Nordisk and Leo Pharma. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (j. no. 2015–41-3740). Use of data from the Prescription Register was approved by the National Board of Health Data FSE-ID 3357).

Informed consent

According to Danish law, approvals from a Health Research Ethics Committee and informed consent are not required for register-based studies.

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Managed by Antonio Secchi.

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Reinholdt, K., Munk, C., Thomsen, L.T. et al. Increased incidence of genital warts among women and men with type 1 diabetes compared with the general population—results from a nationwide registry-based, cohort study. Acta Diabetol 59, 105–112 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01786-8

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