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Adjacent segments biomechanics following lumbar fusion surgery: a musculoskeletal finite element model study

European Spine Journal volume 31, pages 1630–1639 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose

This study exploits a novel musculoskeletal finite element (MS-FE) spine model to evaluate the post-fusion (L4–L5) alterations in adjacent segment kinetics.

Methods

Unlike the existing MS models with idealized representation of spinal joints, this model predicts stress/strain distributions in all passive tissues while organically coupled to a MS model. This generic (in terms of musculature and material properties) model uses population-based in vivo vertebral sagittal rotations, gravity loads, and an optimization algorithm to calculate muscle forces. Simulations represent individuals with an intact L4–L5, a preoperative severely degenerated L4–L5 (by reducing the disc height by ~ 60% and removing the nucleus incompressibility), and a postoperative fused L4–L5 segment with either a fixed or an altered lumbopelvic rhythm with respect to the intact condition (based on clinical observations). Changes in spine kinematics and back muscle cross-sectional areas (due to intraoperative injuries) are considered based on in vivo data while simulating three activities in upright/flexed postures.

Results

Postoperative changes in some adjacent segment kinetics were found considerable (i.e., larger than 25%) that depended on the postoperative lumbopelvic kinematics and preoperative L4–L5 disc condition. Postoperative alterations in adjacent disc shear, facet/ligament forces, and annulus stresses/strains were greater (> 25%) than those found in intradiscal pressure and compression (< 25%). Kinetics of the lower (L5–S1) and upper (L3–L4) adjacent segments were altered to different degrees.

Conclusion

Alterations in segmental rotations mainly affected adjacent disc shear forces, facet/ligament forces, and annulus/collagen fibers stresses/strains. An altered lumbopelvic rhythm (increased pelvis rotation) tends to mitigate some of these surgically induced changes.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to appreciate the advices of Dr. Parisa Azimi on surgical procedures and the assistance of Dr. Pouria Khoddam-khorasani in FE simulations.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (Grant number: G970504).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9567, Iran

    Mahdi Ebrahimkhani & Navid Arjmand

  2. Division of Applied Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique, Montréal, QC, Canada

    Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl

Authors
  1. Mahdi Ebrahimkhani
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  2. Navid Arjmand
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  3. Aboulfazl Shirazi-Adl
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Correspondence to Navid Arjmand.

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Cite this article

Ebrahimkhani, M., Arjmand, N. & Shirazi-Adl, A. Adjacent segments biomechanics following lumbar fusion surgery: a musculoskeletal finite element model study. Eur Spine J 31, 1630–1639 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-022-07262-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-022-07262-3

Keywords

  • Lumbar fusion surgery
  • Musculoskeletal finite element model
  • Adjacent segments
  • Spine loads
  • Kinematics