|
Heneweer et al. [20]
|
Cross-sectional
|
General population 47%
|
Routine daily activities and leisure time physical activity assessed by using Short Questionnaire to Assess Health enhancing physical activity (SQUASH)
|
Self-reported questionnaire (the previous 12 months)
|
Low physical activity level (not fulfilling the recommended activity level of at least 0.5 h of moderate activity per day for at least 5 days a week)
|
Both extremely low and high levels of physical activity were associated with an increased risk of chronic low back pain
|
|
1.31 (1.08–1.58)
|
|
Moderate physical activity level 1.00
|
|
High physical activity level (physical activity level with the highest quartile of the amount of physical activity and the performance of high intensive sport activities)
|
|
1.22 (1.00–1.49)
|
|
Wedderkopp et al. [47]
|
prospective cohorts (3 years)
|
School children ?%
|
Overall physical activity at least 10 h per day assessed by using MTI-accelerometer
|
Interviewing (the past month)
|
Back pain at baseline
|
The tertile with the lowest HPA had an increased odds ratio of having low back pain
|
|
High physical activity (HPA)
|
|
Bivariate analysis 1.1 (0.1–9.8)
|
|
No back pain at baseline
|
|
High physical activity (HPA)
|
|
Multivariate analysis 4.6 (1.9–11.2)
|
|
Bivariate analysis 4.9 (1.7–14.0)
|
|
Auvinen et al. [5]
|
Cross-sectional
|
School children 64%
|
Leisure time (outside school hours) assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (the past 6 months)
|
Very active (>6 h of brisk physical activity per week)
|
Being physically very active was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain
|
|
1.16–3.93 (0.91–6.65)
|
|
Active (4–6 h of brisk physical activity per week)
|
|
0.94–1.61 (0.53–2.65)
|
|
Moderately active (2–3 h of brisk physical activity per week) 1.00
|
|
Lightly active (1 h of brisk physical activity or <0.5 h of brisk physical activity together with >2 h of light or commuting physical activity per week)
|
|
0.75–1.51 (0.41–2.36)
|
|
Inactive (<0.5 h of brisk physical activity and <2 h of light or commuting physical activity per week)
|
|
0.65–1.14 (0.29–1.93)
|
|
Björck-van Dijken et al. [6]
|
Cross-sectional
|
General population 69%
|
Both work and leisure time assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (lifetime)
|
Sitting work 1.00
|
High levels of physical activity at work and low physical activity at leisure time was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain
|
|
Light physical work 1.13 (0.95–1.35)
|
|
Moderate heavy work 1.37 (1.14–1.65)
|
|
Heavy work 1.46 (1.09–1.94)
|
|
Low physical activity during leisure time in the past year
|
|
1.16 (1.02–1.33)
|
|
Diepenmaat et al. [14]
|
Cross-sectional
|
School children 92%
|
? (type of Physical activity) assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (the past month)
|
0–0.5 h per day 1.00
|
No significant association between physical activity and low back pain
|
|
0.51–1.0 h per day 1.2 (0.8–1.7)
|
|
≥1.01 h per day 1.0 (0.8–1.3)
|
|
Mikkelsson et al. [33]
|
Prospective cohorts (25 years)
|
School children 67%
|
Leisure time (outside school hours) assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (lifetime)
|
School age physical activity
|
Men who were physically active in adolescence were at a lower risk of recurrent low back pain
|
|
Men
|
|
Inactive (<2 times per week for at least 30 min per session of physical activity outside school hours) 1.00
|
|
Active (≥2 times per week for at least 30 min per session of physical activity outside school hours) 0.62 (0.39–0.98)
|
|
Women
|
|
Inactive 1.00
|
|
Active 0.80 (0.48–1.32)
|
|
Physical activity at follow up
|
|
<1 time a week 1.00
|
|
1–4 times a week 0.65–1.31 (0.37–2.14)
|
|
5–7 times a week 0.54–0.88 (0.25–1.87)
|
|
Sjolie [39]
|
Cross-sectional
|
School children 84%
|
Leisure time assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (the preceding year)
|
Physical activity (hour), quartiles 0.6 (0.4–0.8)
|
Physical activity was significantly associated with decreased risk of low back pain, in particular with regular walking or bicycling
|
|
Walking or bicycling 0.4 (0.2–0.8)
|
|
Wedderkopp et al. [46]
|
Cross-sectional
|
School children 79%
|
Leisure time assessed by using self-reported questionnaire and the CSA accelerometer
|
Interviewing (the preceding month)
|
No significant positive or negative associations were noted between self-reported physical inactivity and low back pain (p = 0.41)
|
No significant association between physical activity and low back pain
|
|
There were no associations between low back pain and the objectively measured level of physical activity (data not showed)
|
|
Brown et al. [9]
|
Cross-sectional
|
General population (women) 99%
|
Leisure time assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (lifetime)
|
PA score <5 (none or very low; equivalent to no PA or moderate PA once per week) 1.00
|
Physical activity was significantly associated with decreased risk of low back pain
|
|
PA score 5 to <15 (low to moderate; moderate PA 2–4 times or vigorous PA 1–2 times per week, or equivalent combination)
|
|
0.83–0.91 (0.74–1.02)
|
|
PA score 15 to <25 (moderate to high; moderate PA 5–8 times or vigorous PA 3–5 times per week, or equivalent combination) 0.76–0.85 (0.68–0.95)
|
|
PA score ≥25 (high; moderate PA 8–13 times or vigorous PA 5–8 times per week, or equivalent combination)
|
|
0.67–0.84 (0.58–0.95)
|
|
Kujala et al. [29]
|
Cross-sectional
|
School children ?%
|
Leisure time (outside school hours) assessed by using self-reported questionnaire
|
Self-reported questionnaire (the preceding 12 months)
|
Prevalence of low back pain;
|
High leisure physical activity was associated with increased prevalence of low back pain
|
|
Low MET 9.7%
|
|
Middle MET 11.7%
|
|
High MET 14.6%
|
|
p = 0.022
|