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Inhalation of smoke from burning tire triggers oxidative stress and impairs liver and kidney functions in rats

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Abstract

In Nigeria, abattoir workers use scrap tires as a source of fuel to remove furs from slaughtered animals. The smoke from the tires contains particulate matter (PM), and inhalation of the PM is associated with undesirable toxic effects such as cardiopulmonary toxicity. This study investigated the toxicological effects of smoke from the burning tire in male Wistar rats. The experimental rats were assigned into five (5) groups of 5 rats in each group. Group 1 served as the normal control (not exposed to smokes from the burning tire), while groups 2–5 were exposed to 10 mg/m3 PM10 smoke from burning tire once daily for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, for 21 days. The rats were sacrificed, and the toxicity profile was measured by evaluating the hematological and biochemical parameters along with the liver, heart, kidney, and lung histology. Our results showed that smokes from tire significantly (P < 0.05) decreased red blood cell, pack cell volume, hemoglobin, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase while white blood cell, platelet, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and malondialdehyde significantly (P < 0.05) increased following a dose (time of exposure) dependent pattern. Histological sections of liver from the exposed rats showed prominent fatty change or steatosis, while lung sections had mild destruction of alveoli and high levels of alveolar hemorrhage. The results of this study showed that smokes from burning tires can induce oxidative stress as well as cause hepatotoxicity and renotoxicity in adult male rats.

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The authors confirm that the data and materials supporting the findings of this study are available within the manuscript. The raw data and materials are available upon request.

Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

ALT:

Alanine transaminase

AST:

Aspartate transaminase

CO:

Carbon monoxide

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

HbC:

Hemoglobin concentration

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MCV:

Mean corpuscular volume

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

PCV:

Packed cell volume

PM:

Particulate matter

PLT:

Platelets

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RBC:

Red blood cell count

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

WBC:

White blood cell count

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

    Ifeanyi Chima Obasi & Obioma Christopher Ohaeri

  2. Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

    Solomon Nnah Ijioma

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, PMB 2000, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria

    Benedict Chukwuebuka Okoro & Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu

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  1. Ifeanyi Chima Obasi
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  2. Obioma Christopher Ohaeri
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  3. Solomon Nnah Ijioma
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  4. Benedict Chukwuebuka Okoro
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  5. Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu
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Contributions

Ifeanyi Chima Obasi, Obioma Christopher Ohaeri, and Solomon Nnah Ijioma: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and writing original draft; Benedict Chukwuebuka Okoro and Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu: statistical analysis, writing original draft, and writing—review and editing. All authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring integrity and accuracy.

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Correspondence to Benedict Chukwuebuka Okoro.

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Obasi, I.C., Ohaeri, O.C., Ijioma, S.N. et al. Inhalation of smoke from burning tire triggers oxidative stress and impairs liver and kidney functions in rats. Comp Clin Pathol 32, 837–846 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03493-y

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