Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of vitamin C in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity in female mice, Mus musculus

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Comparative Clinical Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most extensively useful plasticizer, a common cosmopolitan contaminant, and known for its endocrine-disrupting nature. Human exposure level surpasses hazardous limit due to its diverse application. This has been discovered to cause reproductive abnormalities in male rodents. Its anti-androgenic characteristic focuses attention on its toxicity to the endocrine and reproductive systems. The role of vitamin C on DEHP-induced toxicity with reference to female reproductive disruptions is very scarce. So, in this study, we have mainly focused on the beneficial role of vitamin C in relation to the structure and function of the female reproductive system in DEHP-induced toxicity in female mice, Mus musculus. Forty-eight young female mice, Mus musculus, were taken in the current 30-day experiment and randomly divided into four sets of 12 animals each as control (corn oil vehicle), DEHP (100 mg/kg in corn oil), VIT.C (100 mg/kg in distilled water), and DEHP + VIT.C (100 mg/kg each). Serum metabolites were examined in present work to evaluate the impact of DEHP with respect to total protein, glucose, and lipid profile, as well as alterations in organ weights (liver, ovaries, and uterus) along with body weight. Concerning DEHP’s reprotoxic character, we concentrated on its negative effects on estrous cyclicity and fertility in young female mice. Additionally, we examined the efficacy of vitamin C against DEHP toxicity in bringing back the homeostasis of serum. In the current work, it is found that in DEHP-treated mice, total protein, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and glucose increased significantly, whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and total cholesterol levels declined dramatically. Furthermore, we observed impaired fertility and prolonged estrous cycles in the DEHP treatment animals in comparison to control animals. The findings showed the intake of vitamin C could be a better choice for anti-DEHP toxicity effect to balance metabolic and reproductive abnormalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal DK, Eustis S, Lamb JC IV, Reel JR, Kluwe WM (1986) Effects of di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate on the gonadal pathophysiology, sperm morphology, and reproductive performance of male rats. Environ Health Perspect 65:343–350

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aldyreva MV, Klimova TS, Iziumova AS, Timofeevskaia LA (1975) Vliianie ftalatnykh plastifkatorov na generativnyiu funkstsiiu [The effect of phthalate plasticizers on the generative function]. Gig Tr Prof Zabol 12:25–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle TE, Fisher M, MacPherson S, Lang C, Provencher G, LeBlane A, Hauer R, Feeley M, Ayotte P, Neisa A, Ramsay T, Tawagi G (2016) Maternal and early life exposure to phthalates: the plastics and personal care products in pregnancy (P4) study. Sci Total Environ 551–552:344–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aruoma OI, Halliwell B (1987) Superoxide-dependent and ascorbate dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron. Biochem J 241:273–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aydemir D, Karabulut G, Şimşek G, Gok M, Barlas N, Ulusu NN (2018) Impact of the di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate administration on trace element and mineral levels in relation of kidney and liver damage in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 186(2):474–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1331-0. Epub 2018 Apr 13 PMID: 29654488

  • Baillie-Hamilton PF (2002) Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity epidemic. J Alternative Compl Med 8:185e192

  • Bakir A, O ’Connor, IA, Rowland SJ, Hendriks AJ, Thompson RC (2016) Relative importance of microplastics as a pathway for the transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals to marine life. Environ Pollut 219:56–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brus JE, Quan DL, Wiley KJ, Browning B, Ter Haar H, Lutz R, Houghton JF, Gigliotti JC (2021) Diet significantly influences the immunopathology and severity of kidney injury in male C57Bl/6J mice in a model dependent manner. Nutrients 13(5):1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle J, Henkel S, Li LH, Painter P, Qiao D (2009) Toxicological profile for di-(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). California Environmental Protection Agency 1–52

  • Chen ML, Chen JS, Tang CL, Mao IF (2008) The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate-an evidence of intensive use of plastic materials. Environ Int 34:79–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang C, Flaws JA (2019) Subchronic Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and diisononyl phthalate during adulthood has immediate and long-term reproductive consequences in female mice. Toxicol Sci Official J Soc Toxicol 168(2):620–631. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SM, Yoo SD, Lee BM (2004) Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: developmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. J Toxicol Environ Health B 7:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400490253229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crinnion WJ (2010) The CDC fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals: what it tells us about our toxic burden and how it assist environmental medicine physicians. Alternative Medicine Review: J Clin Ther 15(2):101–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Dağ ZÖ, Dilbaz B (2015) Impact of obesity on infertility in women. J Turkish-German Gynecol Assoc 62:111–117. https://doi.org/10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • David RM, Moore MR, Finney DC, Guest D (2000) Chronic toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats. Toxicol Sci 55(2):433–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/55.2.433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies KJ (1995) Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochem Soc Symp 61:1–31. https://doi.org/10.1042/bss0610001.PMID8660387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon JP, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, Zoeller RT, Gore AC (2009) Endocrine disrupting chemicals: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 30:293–342. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JF (1997) Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. New Engl J Med 337:408–416. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199708073370607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R (2015) Health impacts of obesity. Pakistan J Med Sci 31:239–242. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.311.7033

  • Doull J, Cattley R, Elcombe C, Lake BG, Swenberg J, Wilkinson C, Williams G, van Germat M (1999) A cancer risk assessment of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate: application of the new U.S. EPA risk assessment guidelines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 29(3):327–357

  • Ekeh FN, Ekechukwu NE, Chukwuma CF, Aguzie ION, Ohanu CM, Ebido C, Oluah SN (2019) Mixed vitamin C and zinc diet supplements co-administered with artemether drug improved haematological profile and survival of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Food Sci Human Wellness 8:275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.05.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Union (2005) Directive 2005/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:344:0040:0043:en:PDF. Accessed 24 June 2012

  • European Union (2008) European Union Risk Assessment Report. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Available: http://www.dehp-facts.com/upload/documents/webpage/DEHP%20RA%20report%20full.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2012

  • Fan Y, Qin Y, Chen M, Li X, Wang R, Huang Z, Xu Q, Yu M, Zhang Y, Han X, Du G, Xia Y, Wang X, Lu C (2020) Prenatal low-dose DEHP exposure induces metabolic adaptation and obesity: role of hepatic thiamine metabolism. J Hazard Mater 385:121534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feige JN, Gelman L, Rossi D, Zoete V, Métivier R, Tudor C et al (2007) The endocrine disruptor monoethyl-hexyl-phthalate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulator that promotes adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 282(26):19152–19166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler PA, Bellingham M, Sinclair KD, Evans NP, Pocar P, Fischer B et al (2012) Impact of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on female reproductive health. Mol Cell Endocrinol 355(2):231–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fries E, Dekiff JH, Willmeyer J, Nuelle MT, Ebert M, Remy D (2013) Identification of polymer types and additives in marine microplastic particles using pyrolysisGC/MS and scanning electron microscopy. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15(10):1949–1956

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fruh SM (2017) Obesity: risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 29:S3–S14. https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12510

  • Fulcher J, O’Connell R, Voysey M, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Mihaylova B, Simes J, Collins R, Kirby A, Colhoun H, Braunwald E, La Rosa J, Pedersen TR, Tonkin A, Davis B, Sleight P, Franzosi MG, Baigent C, Keech A (2015) Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet 385:1397e1405

  • Galgani F, Hanke G, Maes T (2015) Global distribution, composition and abundance of marine litter, in Marine Anthropogenic Litter. p. 29–56. 95. Japan Vinyl Environmental Council. Available from: http://www.vec.gr.jp/lib/lib2_1.html

  • Gani KM, Kazmi AA (2020) Ecotoxical risk evaluation and regulatory compliance of endocrine disruptor phthalates in a sustainable wastewater treatment scheme. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(8):7785–7794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genius SJ, Beesoon S, Lobo RA, Birkholz D (2012) Human elimination of phthalate compounds: blood, urine and sweat (BUS) study. Sci World J 615068

  • Gouda J, Prusty RK (2014) Overweight and obesity among women by economic stratum in urban India. J Health Popup Nutr 32:79–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Gouveia K, Hurst JL (2013) Reducing mouse anxiety during handling: effect of experience with handling tunnels. PloS one 8(6):e66401. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066401

  • Gupta RK, Singh JM, Leslie TC, Meachum S, Flaws JA, Yao HH (2010) Di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhibit growth and reduce estradiol levels of antral follicles in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 242:224–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg L, Brune M, Rossander-Hulthén L (1987) Is there a physiological role of vitamin C in iron absorption? Ann N Y Acad Sci 498:324–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb23771.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hannon PR, Brannick KE, Wang W, Flaws JA (2015) Mono (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate accelerates early folliculogenesis and inhibits steroidogenesis in cultured mouse whole ovaries and antral follicles. Biol Reprod 92(5):120

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hannon PR, Flaws JA (2015) The effects of phthalates on the ovary. Front Endocrinol 6:8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannon PR, Peretz J, Flaws JA (2014) Daily exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters estrous cyclicity and accelerates primordial follicle recruitment potentially via dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway in adult mice. Biol Reprod 90(6):136

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman CG (1944) Some new observations on the vaginal smear of the rat. Yale J Biol Med 17(1):99–112

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam DW, James WPT (2005) Obesity Lancet 366:1197–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67483-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser R, Calafat AM (2005) Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med 2(11):806–818

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V, Angerer J (2007) Phthalates: toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210:623–634

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogberg J, Hanberg A, Berglund M, Skerfving S, Remberger M, Calafat AM, Filipsson AF, Jansson B, Johansson N, Applegren M, Hakansson H (2008) Phthalate diesters and their metabolites in human breast milk, blood, serum and urine as biomarkers of exposure in vulnerable populations. Environ Health Perspect 116(3):334–339

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson S, Saikia N, Sahu R (2010) Phthalates in toys CSE lab report, pollution monitoring laboratory, New Delhi. CSE/PML/ PR- 34/2009

  • Johnson S, Saikia N, Sahu R (2011) Phthalates in toys available in Indian market. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

  • Knopfholz J, Diniz Disserol CC, Pierin AJ, Schirr FL, Streisky L, Takito LL, Ledesma PM, Faria-Neto JR,  Olandoski M, da Cunha CLP, Bandeira AM (2014) Validation of the Friedewald formula in patients with metabolic syndrome. Cholesterol 261878(5):2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/261878

  • Kasahara E, Sato EF, Miyoshi M, Konaka R, Hiramoto K, Sasaki J et al (2002) Role of oxidative stress in germ cell apoptosis induced by di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Biochem J 365:849–856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SH, Park MJ (2014) Phthalate exposure and childhood obesity. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 19:69e75

  • Kolb E, Lippman R, Schwabe H, Kricke A, Wahren M, Vallentin G (1993) Die Konzentration an Ascorbinsure, Gesamtprotein, alpha-Amino-N, Glucose, 3-Hydroxybutyrat und Cholesterol sowie die Aktivitit der Adenosin-Desaminase im Plasma von Schafen in fiinf verschiedenen Abschnitten der Trichtigkeit und der Gehalt an Ascorbinsiure in 14 Geweben. Berl Muench Tieraerztl Wochenschr 106:10–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koniecki D, Wang R, Moody RP, Zhu J (2011) Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products: concentration and possible dermal exposure. Environ Res 111:329–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krotz SP, Carson SA, Tomey C, Buster JE (2012) Phthalates and bisphenol do not accumulate in human follicular fluid. J Assist Reprod Genet 29:773–777

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kwack SJ, Kim KB, Kim HS, Lee BM (2009) Comparative toxicological evaluation of phthalate diesters and metabolites in Sprague-Dawley male rats for risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 72(21–22):1446–1454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390903212923

  • Latini G (2005) Monitoring phthalates exposure in humans. Clin Chim Acta 361(1–2):20–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latini G, Gallo F, Iughetti L (2010) Toxic environment and obesity pandemia: is there a relationship? Ital J Pediatr 36:38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law DCG, Maclehose RF, Longnecker MP (2007) Obesity and time to pregnancy. Hum Reprod (oxf) 22:414–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovekamp-Swan T, Davis BJ (2003) Mechanisms of phthalate ester toxicity in the female reproductive system. Environ Health Perspect 111:139–145. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.5658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lv Z, Cheng J, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wu S, Qiu Y, Geng Y, Zhang Q, Huang G, Ma Q, Xie X, Zhou S, Wu T, Ke Y (2016) DEHP induces obesity and hypothyroidism through both central and peripheral pathways in C3H/He mice. Obesity 24:368e378

  • Mbah C, Orabueze I, Okorie N (2019) Antioxidants properties of natural and synthetic chemical compounds: therapeutic effects on biological system. Acta Sci Pharm Sci 3:28–42. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASPS.2019.03.0273

  • McRae MP (2008) Vitamin C supplementation lowers serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials. J Chiropr Med 7(2):48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcme.2008.01.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Millar J (1992) Vitamin C-the primate fertility factor? Med Hypotheses 38:292–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miura Y, Naito M, Ablake M, Terayama H, Yi S-Q, Qu N, Cheng L-X, Suna S, Jitsunari F, Itoh M (2007) Short-term effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on testes, liver, kidneys and pancreas in mice. Asian J Androl 9:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262,2007.00220.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi S, Bereswill S, Heimesaat MM (2019) Immunomodulatory and antimicrobial effects of vitamin C. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (bp) 9:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1556/1886.2019.00016

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muscogiuri G, Colao A (2017) Phthalates: new cardiovascular health disruptors. Arch Toxicol 91:1513–1517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nechuta S, Lu W, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Gu K, Cai H, Zheng W, Shu XO (2011) Vitamin supplement use during breast cancer treatment and survival: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20:262. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-1072

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM (2007) The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132:2087–2102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Ahn S, Shin Y, Yang Y, Yeom CH (2018) Vitamin C in cancer: a metabolomics perspective. Front Physiol 9:762

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquali R, Gambineri A (2006) Polycystic ovary syndrome: a multifaceted disease from adolescence to adult age. Ann NY Acad Sci 1092:158–174

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rastogi SK, Kesavachandran C, Mahdi F, Pandey A (2006) Phthalates exposure and health outcomes. Indian J Occup Environ Med 10:111–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray PD, Huang BW, Tsuji Y (2012) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 24(5):981–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.01.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reel JR, Lamb JC IV (1984) Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): reproduction and fertility assessment in CD-1 mice when administered in the feed. NTP-84–079, contract no. NO1-ES2–5014, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, N.C

  • Rusyn I, Peters JM, Cunningham ML (2006) Modes of action and species-specific effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the liver. Crit Rev Toxicol 36:459e479

  • Shah MZUH, Shrivastava VK (2021) Turmeric extract alleviates endocrine-metabolic disturbances in letrozole-induced PCOS by increasing adiponectin circulation: a comparison with Metformin. Metab Open 13:100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2021.100160

  • Shah MZ, Shrivastava V, Mir MA (2022) Metformin treatment ameliorates endocrine-metabolic disturbances in letrozole-induced PCOS mice model by modulating adiponectin status. Obes Med 31:Article 100392

  • Shah UHMZ, Soni M, Shrivastava VK, Mir MA, Muzamil S (2022) Gallic acid reverses ovarian disturbances in mice with letrozole-induced PCOS via modulating Adipo R1 expression. Toxicol Rep 9:1938–1949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma P (2013) Vitamin C rich fruits can prevent heart disease. Indian J Clin Biochem 28:213–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-013-0351-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soni M, Shah MZUH, Shrivastava VK (2022) Vitamin C mitigates hematological and biochemical alterations caused by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate toxicity in female albino mice. Mus Musculus Comp Clin Path 31(6):1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-022-03400-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahlhut RW, van Wijngaarden E, Dye TD, Cook S, Swan SH (2007) Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U.S. males. Environ Health Perspect 115:876e882

  • Takai R, Hayashi S, Kiyokawa J, Iwata Y, Matsuo S, Suzuki M et al (2009) Collaborative work on evaluation of ovarian toxicity. 10) Two- or four-week repeated dose studies and fertility study of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in female rats. J Toxicological Science 34(suppl 1):SP111–SP119

  • Veiga-Lopez A, Pu Y, Gingrich J, Padmanabhan V (2018) Obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals: identifying knowledge gaps. Trends Endocrinol Metabol 29:607e625

  • Wassenaar P, Legler J (2017) Systematic review and meta-analysis of early life exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and obesity related outcomes in rodents. Chemosphere 188:174e181

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2000) Part I: The problem of overweight and obesity. In: Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Technical Report Series 894. Geneva: WHO, 5–37. Available: http://whqlibdoc.whoint/trs/WHO_TRS_894_(part1).pdf. Accessed 21 June 2012

  • WHO (World Health Organization) (2012) Obesity: facts and figures. Available: http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity. Accessed 1 May

  • Xu J, Zhou L, Wang S et al (2018) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces glucose metabolic disorder in adolescent rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:3596–3607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0738-z

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Shi Z, Zheng Z, Han J, Yang W, Lu R, Lin W, Zheng Y, Nie D, Chen G (2021) DEHP induce cholesterol imbalance via disturbing bile acid metabolism by altering the composition of gut microbiota in rats. Chemosphere 263:127959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127959

  • Zaldi SM, Al-Qirim TM, Banu N (2005) Effects of antioxidant vitamins on glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation induced by restraint stress in the rat liver. Drugs R D 6:157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Bioscience, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026, M.P, India

    Meenakshi Soni, Mohd. Zahoor ul haq Shah & Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava

Authors
  1. Meenakshi Soni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohd. Zahoor ul haq Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Meenakshi Soni: conceptualization, writing—original draft, formal analysis, resources, investigation. Mohd. Zahoor ul haq Shah: writing—review and editing. Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava: supervision, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meenakshi Soni.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This study was not supported by any funding

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This research work was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Barkatullah University Bhopal (ethical certificate number 1885/GO/Re/S/16/CPCSEA/IAEC/BU/24).

Informed consent

For this type of study, informed consent is not required.

Consent for publication

For this type of study, consent for publication is not required.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Soni, M., Shah, M.Z.u.h. & Shrivastava, V.K. The hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic activity of vitamin C in di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity in female mice, Mus musculus. Comp Clin Pathol 32, 575–585 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03466-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-023-03466-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation