Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Ameliorative effects of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol 1 (GB1) isolated from Garcinia kola seeds on cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced reproductive toxicity in the testis of the male Wistar rats

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Comparative Clinical Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A high association between cadmium, a common environmental pollutant, and infertility in males has been established. Studies have established that antioxidants can enhance fertility either directly or indirectly. Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol (GB1) extracts from bitter kola is known for its natural antioxidant properties. This study is aimed at investigating the ameliorative effects of administration of (GB1) on the reproductive health of cadmium chloride (CdCl2)–intoxicated male Wistar rats. Extraction, fractionation and isolation of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol (GB 1) were done from seeds of Garcinia kola. Thirty-six male adult Wistar rats weighing 170–190 g were acclimatized for 2 weeks and randomly divided into three groups. Group A were given distilled water as control, group B 2.5 mg/kg b.w. of CdCl2 and group C 2.5 mg/kg b.w. of CdCl2 and 2 mg/kg b.w. of GB1 dissolved in Tween20. The rats were orally dosed daily for 90 days. Every 30 days, 4 animals from each group were euthanized and blood samples collected for testosterone, GnRH, LH and FSH assay. Sperm qualities were determined using the cauda epididymis. The neutral-buffered formalin-fixed testes were processed for histology. The result showed significantly higher levels of testosterone, GnRH, FSH, LH and sperm quality in the CdCl2 + GB1–treated rats than in the CdCl2-only-treated rats. Histopathology showed progressive distortion, disorganisation, erosion and vacuolation of the seminiferous epithelium in CdCl2-only-treated rats which were not observed in the other groups. These findings indicate a protective effect of the GB1 extract on the testes of Wistar rats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data and materials that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Adaramoye OA, Arisekola M (2013) Kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seeds, ameliorates ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 28:009–015

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adaramoye OA, Farombi EO, Adeyemi EO, Emerole GO (2005) Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by flavonoids of Garcinia kola seeds. Pak J Med Sci 21:331–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Adedara IA, Mathur PP, Farombi EO (2013) Kolaviron prevents ethylene glycol monoethyl ether-induced testicular apoptosis via down-regulation of stress proteins, Fas/Fas-L and caspases expressions in rats. Toxicol Mech Method 23:689–696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adesanya OA, Oluyemi KA, Ofusori IU, Omotuyi CO, Okwuonu A, Ukwenya AR (2007) Micromorphometric and stereological effects of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia cambogia seeds on the testes and epididymides of adult wistar rats. Intl J Alt Med 5(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Aitken RJ, Roman DR (2008). Anti-oxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes: in Cheng CY (ed) Molecular mechanisms in spermatogenesis. Landes Bioscience. Pp15-24

  • Akinloye O, Arowojolu AO, Shittu OB, Anetor JI (2006) Cadmium toxicity: a possible cause of male infertility in Nigeria. Reprod Biol 6:17–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akpantah AO, Oremosu AA, Ajala MO, Noronha CC, Okanlawon AO (2003) The effect of crude extract of Garcinia kola seed on the histology and hormonal milieu of male Sprague-Dawley rats’ reproductive organs. Niger J Health Biomed Sci 2:40–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Akunna GG, Ogunmodede OS, Saalu CL, Ogunlade B, Bello AJ, Salawu EO (2012) Ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera (drumstick) leaf extracts on chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rat testes. World J Life Sci Med Res 2:20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Akunna GG, Saalu LC, Ogunlade B, Enye LA (2014) Spermatotoxicity in animal models exposed to fragrance components. J Med Sci 14:46–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alabi OK, Akomolafe RO, Olukiran OS, Adeyemi WJ (2017) The Garcinia kola biflavonoid kolaviron attenuates experimental hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac. Pathophysiology 24:281–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alkhedaide A, Alshehri ZS, Sabry A, Abdel-Ghaffar T, Soliman MM, Attia H (2016) Protective effect of grape seed extract against cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction. Mol Med Rep 13:3101–3109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anetor JI (2002) Rising environmental cadmium levels in developing countries: threat to genome stability and health. Niger. J. Physiol. Sci. 27:103–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoyagi T, Ishikawa H, Miyaji K, Hayakawa K, Hata M (2002) Cadmium-induced testicular damage in a rat model of subchronic intoxication. Reprod Med Biol 12:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aprioku JS (2018) Investigation of the effects of ethanol seed extract of Garcinia kola on haematological and hepatorenal indices in Wistar albino rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 9:975–980

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asuzu IU, Nwaehujor CO (2013) The anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities of D-3-O-methylchiroinositol in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Hygeia J D Med 5:27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoff S, Auborn K, Marmar JL, Hurley IR (2008) Link between low-dose environmentally relevant cadmium exposures and asthenozoospermia in a rat model. Fertil Steril 89:73–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinnoch P (1996) Reprod health African Health 18:3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle J, Pfander W, Grebing S, Pierce J (1974) Effect of dietary cadmium on growth, absorption and cadmium tissue levels in growing lambs. J Nutr 104:160–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebenebe CI, Okoli CA, Ogbu OC (2017) Reproductive traits of male weaner rabbits fed graded levels of Garcinia kola (bitter kola). Nig J Anim Sci 19:71–76

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, Kedwany FS, Baghdadi HH (2004) Cadmium induced changes in lipid peroxidation, blood hematology, biochemical parameters and semen quality of male rats: protective role of vitamin E and b-carotene. Food Chem Toxicol 42:1563–1571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farombi EO, Adedara IA, Akinrinde SA, Ojo OO, Eboh AS (2012) Protective effects of kolaviron and quercetin on cadmium induced testicular damage and endocrine pathology in rats. Andrologia. 44:273–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farombi O, Adedara I, Abarikwu S (2017) Chemopreventive activities of kolaviron, a novel bioflavonoid from the seed of Garcinia kola: mechanistic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 139:118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fasanya-odewumi C, Latinwo LM, Ikediobi CO, Giliard L, Sponholtz G, Nwoga J, Stino F, Hamilton N, Erdos GV (1998) The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of dermally administered cadmium: effects of dermal cadmium administration. Int J Mol Med 1:1001–1006

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher CM, Moonga BS, Kovach JS (2010) Cadmium, follicle-stimulating hormone, and effects on bone in women age 42–60 years, NHANES III. Environ Res 110:105–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganong WF (2003). Review of medical physiology. Lange medical book. McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Pp. 429–430

  • Gollenberg AL, Hediger ML, Lee PA, Himes JH, Louis GM (2010). Association between lead and cadmium and reproductive hormones in peripubertal U.S. girls. Environ. Health Perspect 118: 1782–1787

  • Goyer RA, Liu J, Waalkes MP (2004) Cadmium and cancer of prostate and testis. Biometals 17:555–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton AC, Hall JE (1998) Pocket companion to textbook of medical physiology, 9th edn. W.B. Saunders Company, India, pp 691–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Habbeebu SS, Liu J, Klaassen CD (1998) Cadmium-induced apoptosis in mouse liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 149:203–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hachfi L, Sakly R (2010) Effect of cadmium transferred via food product on spermatogenesis in the rat. Andrologia 42:62–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hew KW, Heath GL, Jiwa A, Welsh MJ (1993a) Cadmium in vivo causes disruption of tight junction-associated microfilaments in rat Sertoli cell. Biol Reprod 49:840–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hew KW, Ericson WA, Welsh MJ (1993b) A single low cadmium dose causes failure of spermiation in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 121:15–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoyer PB (2005) Damage to ovarian development and function. Cell Tissue Res 322:99–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) legal files (1995). http://www.lavoisier.eu/books/agriculture/international-register-of-potentially-toxic- chemicals-irptc-legal-files-1994-1995-set-of-2-vols-et-user-s-guide-e-96-iii-d 1/description_2467506. Accessed September 20, 2017

  • Iwu MM, Igboko OA, Okunji CO, Tempesta MS (1990) Antidiabetic and aldose reductase activities of biflavanones of Garcnia kola. J Pharm Pharmacol 42:290–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson LW, Howards PP, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF (2011) The association between cadmium, lead and mercury blood levels and reproductive hormones among healthy, premenopausal women. Hum Reprod 26:2887–2895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jarup L, Berglund M, Elinder, C.G, Nordberg G, Vahter M (1998). Health effects of cadmium exposure: a review of the literature and risk estimate. Scand J Work Environ Health 24:1–52

  • Khanna S, Mitra S, Lakhera PC, Khandelwal S (2016) N-Acetylcysteine effectively mitigates cadmium-induced oxidative damage and cell death in Leydig cells in vitro. Drug Chem Toxicol 39:74–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klimova S, Misurova E (2004) Effects of cadmium and ionizing radiationon histones in rat testes. Acta Vet Brno 73:483–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koizumi T, Li ZG (1992) Role of oxidative stress in single-dose, cadmium-induced testicular cancer. J Toxicol Environ Health 37:25–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama H, Kitoh H, Satoh M, Tohyama C (2002) Low dose exposure to cadmium and its health effects (1). Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Jpn J Hyg 57:547–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, Marquez N, Perez-Lorenzo M, Pazo D, Esquifino AI (2000) Pubertal and postpubertal cadmium exposure differentially affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38:913–923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lafuente A, Cano P, Esquifino AI (2003) Are cadmium effects on plasmagonadotropins, prolactin, ACTH, GH and TSH levels, dose-dependent? Biometals 16:243–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Yi J, Wang C, Xu P (2000) Effect of cadmium on apoptosis of spermatogenic cells of rat testis and the protection effect of zinc against it. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 30:135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Linares V, Belles M, Albina ML (2006) Assessment of the pro-oxidant activity of uranium in kidney and testis of rats. Toxicol Lett 167:152–161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lymberopoulos AG, Kotsaki-Kovatsi VP, Papaioannou N, Taylor A, Brikas P, Belibasaki S (2003) Effects of cadmium chloride administration on the testicular growth and plasma testosterone secretion of Chios ram-lambs. Small Rumin Res 49:51–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madubunyi II (2010) Mechanism of hepatoprotective activities of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol, GB1. J Complement Integrat Med 7:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Madubunyi II (2012) Effect of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonols on protein synthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Comp Clin Path 21:137–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchlewicz M, Wiszniewska B, Gonet B (2007) Increased lipid peroxidation and ascorbic acid utilization in testis and epididymis of rats chronically exposed to lead. Biometals 20:13–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marettová E, Maretta M, Legáth J (2010) Changes in the peritubular tissue of rat testis after cadmium treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res 134:288–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marettová E, Maretta M, Legáth J (2013) Effect of cd with or without se supplementation on spermatogenesis and semen quality in the rooster (Gallus gallus). Avian Biol Res 6:275–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massanyi P, Lukác N, Uhrin V, Toman R, Pivko J, Rafay J, Forgács Z, Somosy Z (2007) Female reproductive toxicology of cadmium. Acta Biol Hung 58:287–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendiola J, Moreno JM, Roca M, Vergara-Juarez N, Martinez-Garcia MJ (2011) Relationships between heavy metal concentrations in three different body fluids and male reproductive parameters: a pilot study. Environ Health 10:6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mesembe GU, Asuquo OE, Fischer OR, Udoaffah VA (2013) Influence of long-term ingestion of Garcinia kola seed diet on sperm count. Sperm motility and fertility in the Wistar rat J Health Med Nurs 1:20–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Mruk DD, Cheng CY (2011) Environmental contaminants. Is male reproductive health at risk? Spermatogenesis 1:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nair AR, Lee WK, Smeets K, Swennen Q, Sanchez A, Thevenod F, Cuypers A (2015) Glutathione and mitochondria determine acute defence responses and adaptive processes in cadmium induced oxidative stress and toxicity of the kidney. Arch Toxicol 89:2273–2289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newairy AA, El-Sharaky AS, Badreldeen MM, Eweda SM, Sheweita SA (2007) The hepatoprotective effects of selenium against cadmium toxicity in rats. Toxicology 242:23–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nna VU, Ujah GA, Mohamed M, Etim KB, Igba BO, Augustine ER, Osim EE (2017) Cadmium chloride–induced testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats; prophylactic effect of quercetin, and assessment of testicular recovery following cadmium chloride withdrawal. Biomed Pharmacother 94:109–123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nwaehujor CO, Nwinyi FC, Igile GO (2013) The wound healing activities of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol (GB1) from Garcinia kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Biochem Photon 108:281–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Nwaehujor CO, Udegbunam RI, Ode JO, Udegbunam SO (2015) Analgesic anti-inflammatory anti-pyretic activities of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol (GB1) from Garcinia kola. J Korean Soc Appl Bi 58:91–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olayinka ET, Ore A (2014). Kolaviron and L-ascorbic acid attenuate chlorambucil-induced testicular oxidative stress in rats. J Toxicol 2014, Article ID 587015, 1–9

  • Oluyemi KA, Jimoh R, Adesanya OA, Omotuyi IO, Josiah SJ, Oyesola TO (2007) Effects of crude ethanolic extract of Garcinia cambogia on the reproductive system of male wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). Afr J Biotec 6:1236–1238

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyeyemi MO, Samuel GO, Ajayi TA, Adeniji DA (2011) Semen characteristics and sperm morphological studies of the West African Dwarf buck treated with Aloe vera gel extract. Iranian J Reprod Med 9:83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Pajavic SB, Saicic ZS (2008) Modulation of antioxidant enzymes activities by sexual steroid hormone. Physiol Res 57:801–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pant N, Kumar G, Upadhyay AD, Gupta YK, Chaturvedi PK (2015) Correlation between lead and cadmium concentration and semen quality. Andrologia. 47:887–891

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy KP, Madhu P, Reddy PS (2016) Protective effects of resveratrol against cisplatin-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 91:65–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Renugadevi J, Prabu SM (2009) Naringenin protects against cadmium-induced oxidative renal dysfunction in rats. Toxicology. 256:128–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roychoudhury S, Massanyi P, Bulla J, Choudhury MD, Lukac N (2010). Cadmium toxicity at low concentration on rabbit spermatozoa motility, morphology and membrane integrity in vitro. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 45: 1374–1383

  • Santos FW, Oro T, Zeni G (2004) Cadmium induced testicular damage and its response to administration of succimer and diphenyl diselenide in mice. Toxicol Lett 152:255–263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sewani-Rusike CR, Ralebona N, Nkeh-Chungag BN (2016) Dose and time dependent effects of Garcinia kola seed extract on sexual behaviour and reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 48:300–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takiguchi M, Yoshihara S (2006) New aspects of cadmium as endocrine disruptor. Environ Sci 13:107–116

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tietz NW (1995). Clinical guide to laboratory tests. Section I: general clinical tests 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, Pp 66-71

  • Thompson J, Bannigan J (2008) Cadmium: toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod Toxicol 25:304–315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toman R, Massanyi P, Uhrin V (2002) Changes in the testis and epididymis of rabbits after an intraperitoneal and peroral administration of cadmium. Trace Elem Electroly 19:114–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uwagie-Ero EA, Nwaehujor CO, Abiaezute CN, Ocheja OB, Ekeolu KB, Asuzu SI (2018) D-3-O-Methylchiroinositol (from Pilostigma thonningii) ameliorates cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity in male reproduction. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 22:853–856

    Google Scholar 

  • Valko MMHCM, Morris H, Cronin MTD (2005) Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 12:1161–1208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes MP (2000) Cadmium carcinogenesis in review. J Inorg Biochem 79:241–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waye A, Trudeau VL (2011) Neuroendocrine disruption: more than hormones are upset. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 14:270–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1999) WHO laboratory manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu CY, Johnson JE, Singh PK, Jones MM, Yan H, Carter CE (1996) In vivo studies of cadmium induced apoptosis in testicular tissue of the rat and its modulation by a chelating agent. Toxicol. 107:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan H, Carter C, Xu C, Singh PK, Jones MM, Johnson JE, Dietrich MS (1997) Cadmium-induced apoptosis in the urogenital organs of the male rat and its suppression by chelaton. J Toxicol Environ Health 52:149–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Zhou G, Song W, Eguchi N, Lu W, Lundin E, Jin T, Nord-berg G (1999) Cadmium-induced apoptosis and changes in expression of p53, C-jun and Mt-i genes in testes and ventral prostate of rats. Toxicology 142:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Jia X, Chapin RE, Maronpot RR, Harris MW, Liu J, Waalkes MP, Eddy EM (2004) Cadmium at a non-toxic dose alters gene expression in mouse testes. Toxicol Lett 154:191–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria

    Clifford N. Abiaezute

  2. Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Reproductive diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

    Kenneth O. Anya

  3. Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

    Edwin A. Uwagie-Ero

  4. Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

    Chinaka O. Nwaehujor

Authors
  1. Clifford N. Abiaezute
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kenneth O. Anya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edwin A. Uwagie-Ero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chinaka O. Nwaehujor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Clifford N. Abiaezute, Kenneth O. Anya, Edwin A. Uwagie-Ero. Analysis was by Chinaka O. Nwaehujor. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Clifford N. Abiaezute and Kenneth O Anya and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clifford N. Abiaezute.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Ethical approval

None. Experimental procedures were in accordance with the guidelines for animal care as contained in the animal ethics handbook of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abiaezute, C.N., Anya, K.O., Uwagie-Ero, E.A. et al. Ameliorative effects of Garcinia hydroxybiflavanonol 1 (GB1) isolated from Garcinia kola seeds on cadmium chloride (CdCl2) induced reproductive toxicity in the testis of the male Wistar rats. Comp Clin Pathol 30, 229–240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03201-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-021-03201-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation