Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Serum bile acids concentration in captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Comparative Clinical Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study was conducted in order to determine serum bile acids concentration in captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Sixteen healthy intact prairie dogs of both sexes were studied as part of an overall clinical health evaluation performed under general isoflurane anesthesia. Each animal underwent a complete physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, whole body radiology, and cardiographic examination. Blood samples were collected from the Jugular vein and submitted for a serum bile acids analysis. The mean and median serum bile acids concentration for the black-tailed prairie dog in this study was 12.5 μmol/L (min = 2 μmol/L, max = 24 μmol/L). The data presented in this report can promote better physiological understanding and improve clinical management of this rodent species.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Biggs CD (2007) Establishing genetic and physiological baselines for the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) Denton, Texas. University of North Texas Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3705/. Accessed Jan. 3 2015

  • Brenneman DE, Connor WE, Forker EL, DenBesten L (1972) The formation of abnormal bile and cholesterol gallstones from dietary cholesterol in the prairie dog. J Clin Invest 51(6):1495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton G (1992) Hematologic and blood chemistry data for the prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 101(4):807–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunnert SR, Altman NH (1991) Laboratory assessment of chronic hepatitis in Syrian hamsters. Lab Anim Sci 41(6):559–562

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center SA (1986) Biochemical evaluation of hepatic function in the dog and cat. Biochemical evaluation of hepatic function in the dog and cat. In: Kirk RW (ed) Current veterinary therapy IX. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 924–936

    Google Scholar 

  • Conter RL, Roslyn JJ, Porter-Fink V, DenBesten L (1986) Gallbladder absorption increases during early cholesterol gallstone formation. Am J Surg 151:184–191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cray C (2015) Reference intervals in avian and exotic hematology. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract 18(1):105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis KG, Wertin TM, Schriver JP (2003) The use of simvastatin for the prevention of gallstones in the lithogenic prairie dog model. Obes Surg 13:865–868

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DenBesten L, Safaie-Shirazi S, Connor WE, Bell S (1974) Early changes in bile composition and gallstone formation induced by a high cholesterol diet in prairie dogs. Gastroenterology 66(5):1036–1045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eshar D (2013) Bile acids. In: Mayer J, Donnelly TM (eds) Clinical veterinary advisor: birds and exotic pets. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri, pp 606–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW (2002) Laboratory animal medicine, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, NY, pp 128–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Fudge AM (2000) Avian liver and gastrointestinal testing. In: Fudge AM (ed) Laboratory medicine: avian and exotic pets. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 47–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Funk RS (2003) Medical management of prairie dogs. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW (eds) Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery, 2nd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 266–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Garner MM, Raymond JT, Toshkov I, Tennant BC (2004) Hepatocellular carcinoma in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludivicianus): tumor morphology and immunohistochemistry for hepadnavirus core and surface antigens. Vet Pathol 41(4):353–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunkemeyer VL (2010) Advanced diagnostic approaches and current management of avian hepatic disorders. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Prac 13:413–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harkness JE, Turner PV, VandeWoude S, Wheler CL (2013) Clinical procedures. In: Harkness JE, Turner PV, VandeWoude S, Wheler CL (eds) Harkness and Wagner’s biology and medicine of rabbits and rodents, 5th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ames, IA, pp 107–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Harlow HJ (1995) Fasting biochemistry of representative spontaneous and facultative hibernators: the white-tailed prairie dog and the black-tailed prairie dog. Physiol Zool 68:915–934

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow HJ, Buskirk SW (1991) Comparative plasma and urine chemistry of fasting white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus) and American martens (Martes Americana): representative fat-and lean-bodied animals. Physiol Zool 64:1262–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harr KE (2002) Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Vet Clin Pathol 31:140–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harr KE (2006) Diagnostic value of biochemistry. In: Harrison GJ, Lightfoot T (eds) Clinical avian medicine, vol 2. Spix Publishing, Palm Beach, pp 611–629

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochleithner M, Hochleithner C, Harrison LD (2006) Evaluating and treating the liver. In: Harrison GJ, Lightfoot TL (eds) Clinical avian medicine. Spix Publishing, Inc, Palm Beach, pp 441–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoefer HL, Orosz S, Dorrestein GM (1997) The gastrointestinal tract. In: Altman RB, Clubb SL, Dorrestein GM, Quesenberry K (eds) Avian medicine and surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 412–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoogland JL, James DA, Watson L (2009) Nutrition, care, and behavior of captive prairie dogs. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract 12:255–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins JR (2008) Rodent diagnostic testing. J Exot Pet Med 17:16–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keckler MS, Gallardo-Romero NF, Langham GL, Damon IK, Karem KL, Carroll DS (2010) Physiologic reference ranges for captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 49:274–281

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • La Russo NF, Korman MG, Hoffman NE, Hofmann AF (1974) Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids: postprandial serum concentrations of conjugates of cholic acid in health, cholecystectomized patients, and patients with bile acid malabsorption. N Engl J Med 291(14):689–692

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennox AM, Bauck L (2012) Small rodents: basic anatomy, physiology, husbandry and clinical techniques. In: Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW (eds) Ferrets, rabbits and rodents clinical medicine and surgery, 3rd edn. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri, pp 339–353

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lessen ED (2004) Laboratory evaluation of the liver. In: Thrall MA (ed) Veterinary hematology and clinical chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp 355–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine (1995) Animal clinical pathology. In: Derelanko MJ, Hollinger MA (eds) CRC handbook of toxicology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 517–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeb WF, Quimby FW (1999) The clinical chemistry of laboratory animals, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, p 699

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumeij JT (1994) Hepatology. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR (eds) Avian medicine: principles and application. Wingers Publishing, Lake Worth, pp 640–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo L, Schomaker S, Houle C, Aubrecht J, Colangelo JL (2014) Evaluation of serum bile acid profiles as biomarkers of liver injury in rodents. Toxicol Sci 137(1):12–25

  • Narins SC, Ramakrishnan R, Park EH, Smith PR, Meyers WC, Abedin MZ (2005) Gallbladder Na+/H+ exchange activity is up‐regulated prior to cholesterol crystal formation. Eur J Clin Investig 35(8):514–522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer EW, Reinkin LN, Hamilton JD (1979) Some effects of food and water deprivation on metabolism in black-tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 63(1):19–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilny AA, Hess L (2004) Prairie dog care and husbandry. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract 7(2):269–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland N (1984) Metabolic fuel homeostasis in golden hamsters: effects of fasting, refeeding, glucose, and insulin. Am J Physiol 247:R57–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Staels B, Fonseca VA (2009) Bile acids and metabolic regulation mechanisms and clinical responses to bile acid sequestration. Diabetes Care 32(suppl 2):S237–S245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Strichartz SD, Abedin MZ, Abdou MS, Roslyn JJ (1989) The effects of amiloride on biliary calcium and cholesterol gallstone formation. Ann Surg 209(2):152–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tell LA (1995) Medical management of prairie dogs. Proc N Am Vet Conf 721–724

  • Thas I, Garner MM (2012) A retrospective study of tumours in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) submitted to a zoological pathology service. J Comp Pathol 147(2):368–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesche P (2009) Rodents: clinical pathology. In: Keeble E, Meredith A (eds) BSAVA manual of rodents and ferrets. BSAVA, Gloucester, p 43

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a research grant from the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University. The authors would like to thank the keepers and staff from the Sunset Zoo in Manhattan, Kansas and the Milford Nature Center for their help and for allowing us to conduct this study on their prairie dogs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to N. R. Wyre.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wyre, N.R., Eshar, D. Serum bile acids concentration in captive black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Comp Clin Pathol 25, 47–51 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2137-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2137-5

Keywords

Navigation