Abstract
Parasitism is the main ecological constraint for wildlife and represents an important factor in conservation, especially for endangered species like the maned wolf. This canid species is infested by several endo- and ectoparasites; however, the association of multiple parasites is a rare condition in wild or captive animals. This study reports the first case of multiparasitism in a wild maned wolf from Central–West Brazil. An adult male was captured in a Cerrado fragment in Brasília city and taken to the veterinary hospital of the Zoo. The animal died after 5 days of treatment. On clinical examination the presence of myiasis in two areas of injury, later identified as the larvae parasite Cochliomyia hominivorax, was observed. Also present were the body of the male ticks Amblyomma tigrinum and one female A. ovale. Stained blood smears were prepared with Giemsa to identify the presence and morphology of a haemoparasite, Babesia canis. Following necropsy examination of the abdominal cavity, a female nematode, Dioctophyma renale, was found. In the right kidney only the renal capsule remained, and within this was another female nematode. This is the first report of multiparasitism in a maned wolf and is the first case of babesiosis in the veterinary literature in this threatened animal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Anderson RC, Bain O (1982) Keys to genera of the superfamilies Rhabditoidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Trichinelloidea, and Muspiceoidea. In: Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S (eds) CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, pp 1–26
Barros-Battesti DM, Arzua M, Bechara GH (2006) Carrapatos de Importância Médico-Veterinária da Região Neotropical: Um guia ilustrado para identificação de espécies, 1ªth edn. VOX/ICTTD-3/BUTANTAN, São Paulo
Carvalho CT, Vasconcelos LM (1995) Disease, Food and reproduction of the maned wolf—Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger) (Carnivora, Canidae) in southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 12:627–640
Chauvin A, Moreau E, Bonnet S et al (2009) Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission. Vet Res 40:37
Collinge SK, Ray CR (2006) Disease ecology: community structure and pathogen dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Costa HA, Lima WS (1988) Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782): ocorrências em Minas Gerais. Arquivos Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 40:243–244
Dantas-Torres F, Figueredo LA (2006) Canine babesiosis: a Brazilian perspective. Vet Parasitol 141:197–203
Deem SL, Emmons LH (2005) Exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the Noël Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia. J Zoo Wildl Med 36:192–197
Dietz JM (1985) Chrysocyon brachyurus. Mammalian Species 234:1–4
Fowler ME, Cubas ZS (2001) Biology, medicine and surgery of South American wild animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames
Fyvie A (1971) Dioctophyma renale. In: Davis JW, Anderson RC (eds) Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp 258–262
Gilioli R, Silva FA (2000) Frequency of parasites and Salmonella infection in captive maned-wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, kept in zoos at the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Arquivos Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 52:559–561
Gondim LP (2006) Neospora caninum in wildlife. Trends Parasitol 22:248–252
Guimarães JH, Papavero N (1999) Myiasis in man and animals in the Neotropical region. Plêiade/FAPESP, São Paulo
IUCN–THE WORLD CONSERVATION UNION (2010) IUCN red list of threatened species. http://www.redlist.org. Accessed 30 January 2011
Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW (1997) Veterinary pathology, 6th edn. Lippincott, Baltimore
Labruna MB, Jorge RSP, Sana DA et al (2005) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on wild carnivores in Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 36:149–163
Luppi MM, Malta MC, Silva TA et al (2008) Visceral leishmaniasis in captive wild canids in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 155:146–151
Mace TF, Anderson RC (1975) Development of the giant kidney worm, Diocotphyma renale (Goeze, 1782) (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea). Can J Zool 53:1552–1568
May-Júnior JA, Songsasen N, Azevedo FC et al (2009) Hematology and blood chemistry parameters differ in free-ranging maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) living in the Serra da Canastra national park versus adjacent farmlands, Brazil. J Wildl Dis 45:81–90
Measures LN (2001) Dioctophymatosis. In: Samuel WM, Pybus MJ, Kocan AA (eds) Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp 357–364
Miranda MA, Benigno RNM, Galvão GR et al (1992) Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782): localização ectópica e alta intensidade parasitária em Canis familiaris do Pará, Brasil. Arquivos Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 44:151–153
Motta-Junior JC, Talamoni SA, Lombardi JA et al (1996) Diet of the maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, in central Brazil. J Zool 240:277–284
Mundim MJS, Machado MI, Bevilaqua E et al (1991) Ocorrência e identificação de Ancilostomatídeos em lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1811) da região do Triangulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 28:39–43
Nakagawa TLDR, Bracarense AP, dos Reis AC et al (2007) Giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale) infections in dogs from northern Paraná. Brazil Vet Parasitol 145:366–370
Penzhorn BL (2006) Babesiosis of wild carnivores and ungulates. Vet Parasitol 138:11–21
Ribeiro CT, Verocai GG, Tavares LER (2009) Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) infection in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from Brazil. J Wildl Dis 45:248–250
Rodden M, Rodrigues FG, Bestelmeyer S (2004) Maned wolf Chrysocyon bracchyurus (Illiger, 1815). P. 38–43. In: Sillero-Zubiri C, Hoffmann M, Macdonald DW (eds) Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Gland, pp 38–43
Santos EF, Setz EZF, Gobbi N (2003) Diet of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and its role in seed dispersal on a cattle ranch in Brazil. J Zool 260:203–208
Silva DAO, Vitaliano SN, Mineo TWP et al (2005) Evaluation of homologous, heterologous, and affinity conjugates for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus). J Parasitol 91:1212–1216
Verocai GG, Measures LN, Azevedo FD et al (2009) Dioctophyma renale (Goeze, 1782) in the abdominal cavity of a domestic cat from Brazil. Vet Parasitol 161:342–344
Vicente JJ, Rodrigues HO, Gomes DC et al (1997) Nematóides do Brasil. Parte V: Nematóides de mamíferos. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 14:1–452
Vieira FM, Luque JL, Muniz-Pereira LC (2008) Checklist of helminth parasites in wild carnivore mammals from Brazil. Zootaxa 1721:1–23
Vitaliano SN, Silva DAO, Mine TWP et al (2004) Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from southeastern and midwestern regions of Brazil. Vet Parasitol 122:253–260
Wall R, Shearer D (2001) Veterinary ectoparasites: biology, pathology and control, 2nd edn. Blackwell, Oxford
Woodroffe R, Cleaveland S, Courtenay O et al (2004) Infectious disease. In: Macdonald DW, Sillero-Zubiri C (eds) Biology and conservation of wild canids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 123–142
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico–CNPq for the grants and the Postgraduate program in Animal Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília for their academic and scientific support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cansi, E.R., Bonorino, R., Mustafa, V.S. et al. Multiple parasitism in wild maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Mammalia: Canidae) in Central Brazil. Comp Clin Pathol 21, 489–493 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1513-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1513-7